Abstract Temporal and spatial dynamics of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the Barents Sea have been investigated during the last three decades using remote sensing and in situ observations. Satellite-derived sea surface temperatures increased in the period 1998–2017 by 1.0 °C as an average for the Barents Sea. We found significant positive relationships between ice-free conditions (open water area and duration) and satellite-based net primary production (NPP). The estimated annual NPP for the Barents Sea more than doubled over the 1998–2017 period, from around 40 to over 100 Tg C. The strong increase in NPP is the result of reduction of sea ice, extending both the area and period available for phytoplankton production. In areas where ice extent has decreased, satellite-derived chlorophyll a shows that the timing of the peak spring phytoplankton bloom has advanced by over a month. Our results reveal that phytoplankton dynamics in the ecosystem have been changing rapidly and that this change is driven mainly by bottom-up climatic processes. Autumn mesozooplankton biomass showed strong interannual variability in the 1990s, displaying an inverse relationship with capelin biomass, the most abundant planktivorous fish. In some regions, e.g. Central Bank, capelin biomass explained up to 50% of the mesozooplankton variability during 1989–2017. Though capelin biomass has varied considerably, mesozooplankton biomass has remained rather stable since the mid-2000s (6–8 g dry wt. m−2), resulting in a weakening of the negative relationship between capelin and mesozooplankton biomass in recent years. The stable zooplankton biomass indicates favorable conditions (prolonged/increased NPP) for mesozooplankton production, partly counteracting high predation levels. Overall, we observed trends in phytoplankton phenology that were strongly associated with changes in sea ice cover driven by fluctuations in temperature regime, a trend that may intensify should the ecosystem become even warmer due to climate change. Further reductions of sea ice and associated ice algae is expected to have adverse effects on sympagic fauna and ice dependent species in the Arctic food web. The ice-free conditions may promote further Atlantification (or borealization) of plankton and fish communities in the Barents Sea.

中文翻译：

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气候对巴伦支海浮游植物和浮游动物时空动态的影响

摘要 在过去的 30 年中，人们利用遥感和原位观测研究了巴伦支海浮游植物和浮游动物的时空动态。在 1998 年至 2017 年期间，卫星衍生的海面温度升高了 1.0 °C，作为巴伦支海的平均值。我们发现无冰条件（开放水域和持续时间）与基于卫星的净初级生产 (NPP) 之间存在显着的正相关关系。巴伦支海的估计年度 NPP 在 1998-2017 年期间增加了一倍多，从大约 40 Tg C 增加到 100 Tg C 以上。 NPP 的强劲增长是海冰减少的结果，延长了浮游植物的可用面积和时间生产。在结冰面积减少的地区，卫星衍生的叶绿素a表明，春季浮游植物盛开的时间提前了一个多月。我们的研究结果表明，生态系统中的浮游植物动态一直在迅速变化，而这种变化主要是由自下而上的气候过程驱动的。秋季中型浮游动物生物量在 1990 年代表现出强烈的年际变化，与最丰富的浮游鱼类毛鳞鱼生物量呈负相关。在某些地区，例如中央银行，毛鳞鱼生物量解释了 1989-2017 年中浮游动物变异的 50%。尽管毛鳞鱼生物量变化很大，但中型浮游动物生物量自 2000 年代中期以来一直保持相当稳定（6-8 g 干重 m-2），导致近年来毛鳞鱼和中型浮游动物生物量之间的负相关减弱。稳定的浮游动物生物量表明中型浮游动物生产的有利条件（延长/增加 NPP），部分抵消了高捕食水平。总体而言，我们观察到浮游植物物候的趋势与温度变化引起的海冰覆盖变化密切相关，如果生态系统因气候变化而变得更加温暖，这种趋势可能会加剧。预计海冰和相关冰藻的进一步减少将对北极食物网中的交游动物群和依赖冰的物种产生不利影响。无冰条件可能会促进巴伦支海浮游生物和鱼类群落的进一步大西洋化（或北极化）。总体而言，我们观察到浮游植物物候的趋势与温度变化引起的海冰覆盖变化密切相关，如果生态系统因气候变化而变得更加温暖，这种趋势可能会加剧。预计海冰和相关冰藻的进一步减少将对北极食物网中的交游动物群和依赖冰的物种产生不利影响。无冰条件可能会促进巴伦支海浮游生物和鱼类群落的进一步大西洋化（或北极化）。总体而言，我们观察到浮游植物物候的趋势与温度变化引起的海冰覆盖变化密切相关，如果生态系统因气候变化而变得更加温暖，这种趋势可能会加剧。预计海冰和相关冰藻的进一步减少将对北极食物网中的交游动物群和依赖冰的物种产生不利影响。无冰条件可能会促进巴伦支海浮游生物和鱼类群落的进一步大西洋化（或北极化）。预计海冰和相关冰藻的进一步减少将对北极食物网中的交游动物群和依赖冰的物种产生不利影响。无冰条件可能会促进巴伦支海浮游生物和鱼类群落的进一步大西洋化（或北极化）。预计海冰和相关冰藻的进一步减少将对北极食物网中的交游动物群和依赖冰的物种产生不利影响。无冰条件可能会促进巴伦支海浮游生物和鱼类群落的进一步大西洋化（或北极化）。