Bone is a highly vascularized heterogeneous tissue consisting of both osteogenic and angiogenic cells. Thus, multiple cell types are needed to achieve complete bone tissue engineering. Recent studies have discovered importance of angiogenesis in bone regeneration.^1–5 Vascularization provides oxygen and nutrients, which are essential for cell growth, and studies have shown correlation between low osteogenic efficiency and low in vivo vascularization.⁶ However, difficulty in controlling directed differentiation of multiple cell types is a limitation in tissue engineering. Here, we aimed to provide a protocol that can generate complete bone tissues composed of multiple cell types from a single cell source.

中文翻译：

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OCT-4的异位瞬时过表达促进BMP4诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞的成骨转分化

骨是高度血管化的异质组织，由成骨细胞和血管生成细胞组成。因此，需要多种细胞类型来实现完整的骨组织工程。最近的研究发现血管生成在骨再生中的重要性。^1-5血管化可以提供氧气和营养，这对于细胞的生长至关重要，而且研究表明，成骨效率低和体内血管生成低之间具有相关性。⁶然而，难以控制多种细胞类型的定向分化是组织工程学的局限性。在这里，我们旨在提供一种协议，该协议可以从单个细胞来源生成由多种细胞类型组成的完整骨骼组织。