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Incorporation of nonstandard amino acids into proteins: principles and applications
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology ( IF 4.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-01 , DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02837-y
Tianwen Wang 1 , Chen Liang 1 , Hongjv Xu 1 , Yafei An 1 , Sha Xiao 1 , Mengyuan Zheng 1 , Lu Liu 2 , Lei Nie 1
Affiliation  

The cellular ribosome shows a naturally evolved strong preference for the synthesis of proteins with standard amino acids. An in-depth understanding of the translation process enables scientists to go beyond this natural limitation and engineer translating systems capable of synthesizing proteins with artificially designed and synthesized non-standard amino acids (nsAA) featuring more bulky sidechains. The sidechains can be functional groups, with chosen biophysical or chemical activities, that enable the direct application of these proteins. Alternatively, the sidechains can be designed to contain highly reactive groups: enabling the ready formation of conjugates via a covalent bond between the sidechain and other chemicals or biomolecules. This co-translational incorporation of nsAAs into proteins allows for a vast number of possible applications. In this paper, we first systematically summarized the advances in the engineering of the translation system. Subsequently, we reviewed the extensive applications of these nsAA-containing proteins (after chemical modification) by discussing representative reports on how they can be utilized for different purposes. Finally, we discussed the direction of further studies which could be undertaken to improve the current technology utilized in incorporating nsAAs in order to use them to their full potential and improve accessibility across disciplines.

中文翻译:

将非标准氨基酸掺入蛋白质:原理和应用

细胞核糖体表现出自然进化的对合成标准氨基酸蛋白质的强烈偏好。对翻译过程的深入了解使科学家能够超越这种自然限制,并设计出能够合成蛋白质的翻译系统,该系统具有人工设计和合成的非标准氨基酸 (nsAA),具有更大的侧链。侧链可以是具有选择的生物物理或化学活性的官能团,可以直接应用这些蛋白质。或者,可以将侧链设计为包含高反应性基团:通过侧链与其他化学品或生物分子之间的共价键,可以很容易地形成共轭物。这种 nsAAs 与蛋白质的共翻译结合允许大量可能的应用。在本文中,我们首先系统地总结了翻译系统工程方面的进展。随后,我们通过讨论有关如何将其用于不同目的的代表性报告​​,回顾了这些含有 nsAA 的蛋白质(化学修饰后)的广泛应用。最后,我们讨论了可以进行进一步研究的方向,以改进当前用于整合 nsAA 的技术,以便充分利用它们的潜力并提高跨学科的可访问性。我们通过讨论有关如何将其用于不同目的的代表性报告​​,回顾了这些含有 nsAA 的蛋白质(化学修饰后)的广泛应用。最后,我们讨论了可以进行进一步研究的方向,以改进当前用于整合 nsAA 的技术,以便充分利用它们的潜力并提高跨学科的可访问性。我们通过讨论有关如何将其用于不同目的的代表性报告​​,回顾了这些含有 nsAA 的蛋白质(化学修饰后)的广泛应用。最后,我们讨论了可以进行进一步研究的方向,以改进当前用于整合 nsAA 的技术,以便充分利用它们的潜力并提高跨学科的可访问性。
更新日期:2020-04-01
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