Research Highlights: Landscape approach principles were developed to address competing claims on resources at local scales. We used the principles to address agricultural expansion in Ghana’s forest reserves. Background and Objectives: Agricultural expansion is a major cause of Ghana’s forest-cover loss. Cultivation has totally deforested some forest reserves. The situation in Ghana illustrates the trade-off between attaining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG 1—reduction of poverty, and 2—achieving food security, are in conflict with SDG 15—protecting and restoring forests. We examined how farmers in forest fringe communities could be engaged in restoring degraded forests using the landscape approach and whether their livelihoods were improved through the use of this approach. Materials and Methods: The Ongwam II Forest Reserve in the Ashanti region of Ghana is encroached by farmers from two communities adjacent to the reserve. We employed the 10 principles of the landscape approach to engage farmers in restoring the degraded reserve. The flexibility of the landscape approach provided a framework against which to assess farmer behaviour. We encouraged farmers to plant trees on 10 ha of the degraded reserve and to benefit through the cultivation of food crops amongst the trees. Results: Access to fertile forest soils for cultivation was the main motivation for the farmers to participate in the reforestation project. The farmers’ access to natural and financial capital increased and they became food secure in the first year of the project’s operation. Conclusions: Effective implementation of several small-scale reforestation projects using the landscape approach could together lead to a forest transition, more trees in agricultural systems and better protection of residual natural forests while improving farmers’ livelihoods, all combining to achieve the SDGs.

中文翻译：

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景观方法原理的应用激励森林边缘农民重新造林加纳退化的保护区

研究重点：景观方法原则的制定是为了解决地方规模上对资源的竞争主张。我们用这些原则解决了加纳森林保护区的农业扩张问题。背景和目标：农业扩张是加纳森林覆盖率下降的主要原因。耕种已完全破坏了一些森林储备。加纳的局势说明了在实现可持续发展目标（SDG）之间的权衡。可持续发展目标1（减少贫困）和可持续发展目标2（实现粮食安全）与可持续发展目标15（保护和恢复森林）相冲突。我们研究了森林边缘社区的农民如何使用景观方法参与恢复退化的森林，以及通过使用这种方法是否改善了他们的生计。材料和方法：加纳阿散蒂地区的Ongwam II森林保护区受到该保护区附近两个社区的农民的侵害。我们采用了景观方法的10条原则，让农民参与恢复退化的保护区。景观方法的灵活性为评估农民的行为提供了一个框架。我们鼓励农民在退化的土地上种植10公顷的树木，并通过在树木之间种植粮食作物而受益。结果：获得肥沃的森林土壤进行种植是农民参与植树造林项目的主要动力。在项目运营的第一年，农民获得自然和金融资本的机会有所增加，他们获得了粮食保障。结论：