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Associational resistance to both insect and pathogen damage in mixed forests is modulated by tree neighbour identity and drought
Journal of Ecology ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-05 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13397 Elsa Field 1 , Bastien Castagneyrol 2 , Melanie Gibbs 3 , Hervé Jactel 2 , Nadia Barsoum 4 , Karsten Schönrogge 3 , Andrew Hector 1
中文翻译：
树木邻里身份和干旱调节了对混交林中昆虫和病原体损害的抵抗力
更新日期：2020-04-05
Journal of Ecology ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-05 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13397 Elsa Field 1 , Bastien Castagneyrol 2 , Melanie Gibbs 3 , Hervé Jactel 2 , Nadia Barsoum 4 , Karsten Schönrogge 3 , Andrew Hector 1
Affiliation
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- Tree health declines can be caused by interactions between pests and pathogens and many studies have shown a reduction in their damage in mixed species forests compared to monocultures. Yet few authors have considered tree diversity effects on both groups simultaneously. Moreover, it is unclear whether diversity effects on tree pests and pathogens are robust to changes in abiotic conditions, such as drought.
- We addressed tree diversity effects on foliar insect herbivory, oak powdery mildew and their interaction under contrasting water regimes in a large-scale tree diversity experiment in SW France. Using an irrigation treatment that alleviated drought conditions, we were able to experimentally assess the effects of tree diversity under contrasting abiotic environments. We surveyed plots along a richness gradient from one to four tree species, in which a focal study species of oak (Quercus robur ) was mixed with other oak species (Q. pyrenaica and Q. ilex ) and a taller, broadleaved species (Betula pendula ).
- Increasing tree species richness lowered leaf miner abundance, leaf chewer damage and oak powdery mildew infection, consistent with a protective effect of resource dilution. However, richness effects on leaf miners were stronger in irrigated compared to non-irrigated blocks, indicating that environmental conditions can modulate diversity effects. Separate from the effect of tree species richness, the presence of birch in a plot increased damage by leaf chewers and powdery mildew, but lowered leaf miner damage, suggesting additional tree neighbour identity effects potentially linked to modulation of microclimate. We found a negative association between leaf miner abundance and oak powdery mildew, consistent with antagonism between oak damage agents.
- Synthesis . Overall, our study illustrates the importance of considering both tree diversity and composition (neighbour identity) in designing forests more resistant to pest and pathogen damage.
中文翻译：
树木邻里身份和干旱调节了对混交林中昆虫和病原体损害的抵抗力
- 树木健康状况的下降可能是由病虫和病原体之间的相互作用引起的，许多研究表明，与单一栽培相比，混合物种森林的危害减少了。然而，很少有作者同时考虑树木多样性对这两个群体的影响。此外，目前尚不清楚对树木害虫和病原体的多样性影响是否对非生物条件（例如干旱）的变化具有鲁棒性。
- 在法国西南部的大型树木多样性实验中，我们在相反的水分状况下研究了树木多样性对叶面昆虫食草，橡树白粉病及其相互作用的影响。通过使用缓解干旱条件的灌溉处理，我们能够在相反的非生物环境下实验评估树木多样性的影响。我们沿着一到四棵树的丰富度梯度调查了样地，其中重点研究的橡树种（栎属栎）与其他橡树种（Q. pyrenaica和Q. ilex）和较高的阔叶树种（Betula pendula）混合在一起）。
- 树木物种丰富度的降低降低了矿工的丰度，咀嚼物的损害和橡树白粉病的感染，这与资源稀释的保护作用一致。然而，与非灌溉地块相比，灌溉地对矿工的丰富度影响更大，这表明环境条件可以调节多样性的影响。与树木丰富度的影响分开，桦木的存在增加了叶片咀嚼和白粉病的损害，但降低了对矿工的损害，表明可能与微气候调节有关的其他树木邻居身份效应。我们发现，矿工的丰度与橡树白粉病之间存在负相关，与橡树破坏剂之间的拮抗作用相一致。
- 综合。总体而言，我们的研究表明，在设计对病虫害和病原体具有更高抵抗力的森林时，必须同时考虑树木的多样性和组成（邻居身份）。
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