This paper presents a method to estimate soil surface phosphorus (P) budgets for 243 subnational regions in EU28. This is about the maximum spatial resolution that can be achieved mainly using international datasets that are regularly updated. Similar subnational budgets could be established for nitrogen (N) with some additions to this method. Increasing the spatial resolution from national to subnational is one way to address the well-known issue that national nutrient budgets sometimes mask considerable heterogeneity, i.e., regional surpluses and deficits that are not seen in national averages. Our results indeed show how a rich structure of different P budgets emerges when moving from national to subnational level. Another approach is to exclude the most extensively managed areas from the budgets, to better represent the surplus in intensive agriculture areas. Here, we show that both approaches are useful and sometimes important as they can affect P surplus estimates by about 10 kg P ha^− 1 y^− 1 or more. The choice of spatial resolution is a trade-off between accuracy and precision. National budgets are the most accurate thanks to good data coverage, but they sometimes fail to identify considerable P surpluses and deficits at subnational level. Increasing the precision (spatial resolution) gradually reveals this heterogeneity but comes at the cost of growing data gaps, which we discuss in detail. These subnational P surpluses represent a middle ground which may prove useful as one indicator among others to monitor the development of environmental risks and resource problems over time.

中文翻译：

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监测欧盟农业环境风险的地方营养素预算：使用公共数据计算243个EU28地区的磷预算

本文提出了一种估算EU28中243个国家以下地区的土壤表面磷（P）预算的方法。这是关于主要使用定期更新的国际数据集可以实现的最大空间分辨率。除此方法外，还可以为氮（N）建立类似的地方预算。从国家级到次国家级提高空间分辨率是解决众所周知的问题的一种方法，即国家营养预算有时会掩盖相当大的异质性，即在国家平均水平中看不到的区域盈余和赤字。我们的结果确实表明，从国家级转移到国家以下级时，不同的P预算如何形成丰富的结构。另一种方法是从预算中排除管理最广泛的领域，以更好地代表集约化农业领域的剩余。在这里，我们表明这两种方法都是有用的，有时甚至很重要，因为它们会影响P剩余量估计值约10 kg P ha^{− 1}  y ^{− 1}或更大。空间分辨率的选择是精度和精度之间的权衡。由于数据覆盖面广，国家预算是最准确的，但是有时它们无法确定地方以下各级的大量P盈余和赤字。精度（空间分辨率）的提高逐渐揭示了这种异质性，但是以增加数据缺口为代价的，我们将在后面详细讨论。这些地方以下的P盈余代表了一个中间立场，可能被证明是监测环境风险和资源问题随时间变化的指标之一。