Turfgrasses constitute a vital part of the landscape ecological systems for sports fields, golf courses, home lawns and parks. However, turfgrass species are affected by numerous abiotic stresses include salinity, heat, cold, drought, waterlogging and heavy metals and biotic stresses such as diseases and pests. Harsh environmental conditions may result in growth inhibition, damage in cell structure and metabolic dysfunction. Hence, to survive the capricious environment, turfgrass species have evolved various adaptive strategies. For example, they can expel phytotoxic matters; increase activities of stress response related enzymes and regulate expression of the genes. Simultaneously, some phytohormones and signal molecules can be exploited to improve the stress tolerance in turfgrass. Generally, the mechanisms of the adaptive strategies are integrated but not necessarily the same. Recently, metabolomic, proteomic and transcriptomic analyses have revealed plenty of stress response related metabolites, proteins and genes in turfgrass. Therefore, the regulation mechanism of turfgrass’s response to abiotic and biotic stresses was further understood. However, the specific or broad-spectrum related genes that may improve stress tolerance remain to be further identified. Understanding stress response in turfgrass species will contribute to improve stress tolerance of turfgrass.

中文翻译：

---

草坪草耐环境胁迫的机制

草坪草是运动场，高尔夫球场，家庭草坪和公园景观生态系统的重要组成部分。但是，草坪草物种受到多种非生物胁迫的影响，包括盐度，高温，寒冷，干旱，涝渍和重金属以及诸如病虫害的生物胁迫。恶劣的环境条件可能导致生长抑制，细胞结构破坏和代谢功能障碍。因此，为了在多变的环境中生存，草皮草物种已经进化出各种适应策略。例如，它们可以排出植物毒性物质。增加应激反应相关酶的活性并调节基因的表达。同时，一些植物激素和信号分子可以被利用来提高草皮草的胁迫耐受性。通常，自适应策略的机制是集成的，但不一定相同。最近，代谢组学，蛋白质组学和转录组学分析显示了草皮草中大量与应激反应相关的代谢产物，蛋白质和基因。因此，人们进一步了解了草皮草对非生物和生物胁迫响应的调控机制。但是，可以改善压力耐受性的特定或广谱相关基因仍有待进一步鉴定。了解草皮草物种的胁迫响应将有助于提高草皮草的胁迫耐受性。进一步了解了草皮草对非生物和生物胁迫响应的调控机制。但是，可以改善压力耐受性的特定或广谱相关基因仍有待进一步鉴定。了解草皮草物种的胁迫响应将有助于提高草皮草的胁迫耐受性。进一步了解了草皮草对非生物和生物胁迫响应的调控机制。但是，可以改善压力耐受性的特定或广谱相关基因仍有待进一步鉴定。了解草皮草物种的胁迫响应将有助于提高草皮草的胁迫耐受性。