Dispersal is a key process affecting population persistence and major factors affecting dispersal rates are the amounts, connectedness and properties of habitats in landscapes. We present new data on the butterfly Maniola jurtina in flower-rich and flower-poor habitats that demonstrates how movement and behaviour differ between sexes and habitat types, and how this effects consequent dispersal rates. Females had higher flight speeds than males, but their total time in flight was four times less. The effect of habitat type was strong for both sexes, flight speeds were ~ 2.5 × and ~ 1.7 × faster on resource-poor habitats for males and females, respectively, and flights were approximately 50% longer. With few exceptions females oviposited in the mown grass habitat, likely because growing grass offers better food for emerging caterpillars, but they foraged in the resource-rich habitat. It seems that females faced a trade-off between ovipositing without foraging in the mown grass or foraging without ovipositing where flowers were abundant. We show that taking account of habitat-dependent differences in activity, here categorised as flight or non-flight, is crucial to obtaining good fits of an individual-based model to observed movement. An important implication of this finding is that incorporating habitat-specific activity budgets is likely necessary for predicting longer-term dispersal in heterogeneous habitats, as habitat-specific behaviour substantially influences the mean (> 30% difference) and kurtosis (1.4 × difference) of dispersal kernels. The presented IBMs provide a simple method to explicitly incorporate known activity and movement rates when predicting dispersal in changing and heterogeneous landscapes.

分散是影响人口持久性的关键过程，影响分散速率的主要因素是景观中栖息地的数量，连通性和性质。我们提出了有关蝴蝶Maniola jurtina的新数据在花朵丰富和花朵贫乏的栖息地中，证明了性别和栖息地类型之间的运动和行为有何不同，以及这如何影响随之而来的扩散速度。女性的飞行速度比男性高，但总飞行时间却少了四倍。栖息地类型对男女的影响都很大，雄性和雌性资源匮乏的栖息地的飞行速度分别快〜2.5倍和〜1.7倍，飞行时间长约50％。几乎没有例外，雌性在割草的栖息地中产卵，这很可能是因为种草为新兴的毛虫提供了更好的食物，但它们却在资源丰富的栖息地觅食。似乎雌性面临着在不割草的情况下进行排卵而不在繁花似锦的地方进行取舍之间的权衡。我们表明，考虑到栖息地相关的活动差异，这里归类为飞行或非飞行，对于获得基于个体的模型与观察到的运动的良好拟合至关重要。这一发现的重要意义在于，纳入特定于栖息地的活动预算对于预测异质生境中的长期扩散可能是必要的，因为特定于栖息地的行为会严重影响平均值（> 30％差异）和峰度（1.4×差异）。分散核。提出的IBM提供了一种简单的方法，可以在预测变化和异质景观中的分散时明确纳入已知的活动和运动速率。这一发现的重要意义在于，纳入特定于栖息地的活动预算对于预测异质生境中的长期扩散可能是必要的，因为特定于栖息地的行为会严重影响平均值（> 30％差异）和峰度（1.4×差异）。分散核。提出的IBM提供了一种简单的方法，可以在预测变化和异质景观中的分散时明确纳入已知的活动和运动速率。这一发现的重要意义在于，纳入特定于栖息地的活动预算对于预测异质生境中的长期扩散可能是必要的，因为特定于栖息地的行为会显着影响平均值（> 30％差异）和峰度（1.4×差异）。分散核。提出的IBM提供了一种简单的方法，可以在预测变化和异质景观中的分散时明确纳入已知的活动和运动速率。