Measurements at the single-entity level provide more precise diagnosis and understanding of basic biological and chemical processes. Recent advances in the chemical measurement provide a means for ultra-sensitive analysis. Confining the single analyte and electrons near the sensing interface can greatly enhance the sensitivity and selectivity. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in single-entity electrochemistry of single molecules, single particles, single cells and even brain analysis. The benefits of confining these entities to a compatible size sensing interface are exemplified. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of single entity electrochemistry are addressed.

单一实体级别的测量提供了对基本生物学和化学过程的更精确诊断和理解。化学测量的最新进展为超灵敏分析提供了一种手段。将单个分析物和电子限制在传感界面附近可以极大地提高灵敏度和选择性。在这篇综述中，我们总结了单分子，单颗粒，单细胞甚至大脑分析的单实体电化学的最新进展。举例说明了将这些实体限制在兼容的尺寸感测接口中的好处。最后，解决了单实体电化学的机遇和挑战。