Abstract Electromagnetic phenomena are sometimes associated with seismic events, but earthquake prediction using seismic electric signals (SES) has not been seriously considered since the early 1990s. There are several causes: (1) false alarms that have created panics in Greece, and (2) a strong critique of the Varotsos-Alexopoulos-Nomicos (VAN) method used there. An updated VAN method that includes time series analysis has made successful medium-range predictions, and short-range predictions when coupled with seismic time series analysis. Four types of potential mechanisms to create precursory SES relying on deformation effects, temperature effects, ore-mineral movement or groundwater variation are reviewed. Data relevant to each are insufficient to favor a single mechanism. Records of the number of false positive and missed events for an updated VAN method have not been well maintained. False positives appear to be abundant and render the method unusable. Co-seismic groundwater fluctuations are addressed, and two novel hypotheses of earthquake trigger mechanism are also presented: ionospherically induced electric (and resultant magnetic) fields to weaken rock thereby causing failure; and volatiles liberated from minerals additionally promoting rock failure. Recommendations for further study are included.

中文翻译：

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地震电信号 (SES) 和地震：对更新的 VAN 方法和 SES 生成和地震触发的竞争假设的回顾

摘要 电磁现象有时与地震事件有关，但自 1990 年代初以来，利用地震电信号 (SES) 进行地震预测一直未被认真考虑。有几个原因：（1）在希腊造成恐慌的虚假警报，以及（2）对那里使用的 Varotsos-Alexopoulos-Nomicos (VAN) 方法的强烈批评。包括时间序列分析在内的更新的 VAN 方法已成功进行了中期预测，并在与地震时间序列分析相结合时进行了短期预测。回顾了依靠变形效应、温度效应、矿石-矿物运动或地下水变化产生前兆 SES 的四种潜在机制。与每个相关的数据不足以支持单一机制。更新的 VAN 方法的误报和错过事件的数量记录没有得到很好的维护。误报似乎很多，使该方法无法使用。讨论了同震地下水波动，并提出了地震触发机制的两个新假设：电离层感应电场（和合成磁场）削弱岩石从而导致破坏；从矿物中释放出的挥发物也促进了岩石的破坏。包括进一步研究的建议。电离层感应电场（以及由此产生的磁场）削弱岩石从而导致破坏；从矿物中释放出的挥发物也促进了岩石的破坏。包括进一步研究的建议。电离层感应电场（以及由此产生的磁场）削弱岩石从而导致破坏；从矿物中释放出的挥发物也促进了岩石的破坏。包括进一步研究的建议。