Leptospira interrogans, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Treponema pallidum are important pathogenic spirochetes. The incidence of human diseases caused by pathogenic spirochetes, e.g., leptospirosis, Lyme disease, and syphilis, has been recently increased, posing a threat to public health. Mechanisms of spirochete pathogenicity are not yet fully understood, and no safe and effective vaccine to prevent and control the infection by pathogenic spirochetes is currently available. In this article, we review the progress of research into the pathogenic spirochete vaccine, mainly in terms of vaccine types. The development of relevant vaccines against pathogenic spirochetes has generally proceeded via several stages, such as the whole-cell inactivated vaccine, live attenuated vaccine, and gene-engineered vaccine, and will likely enter a new stage with the application of gene editing technology. In this review, we mainly summarized the types of pathogenic spirochete vaccines and conducted a preliminary analysis on the protective effect of immunity, and proposed a further prospect for the development of pathogenic spirochete vaccines.

中文翻译：

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致病性螺旋藻疫苗的研究现状和前景。

钩端螺旋体，伯氏疏螺旋体和苍白螺旋体是重要的致病性螺旋体。最近，由致病性螺旋体引起的人类疾病（例如钩端螺旋体病，莱姆病和梅毒）的发病率有所增加，对公共健康构成了威胁。螺旋藻致病性的机理尚未完全了解，目前尚无用于预防和控制致病性螺旋体感染的安全有效的疫苗。在本文中，我们将主要从疫苗类型方面回顾病原性螺旋体疫苗的研究进展。针对病原体螺旋体的相关疫苗的开发通常经历了多个阶段，例如全细胞灭活疫苗，减毒活疫苗和基因工程疫苗，随着基因编辑技术的应用，很可能进入一个新的阶段。在这篇综述中，我们主要概述了病原性螺旋藻疫苗的类型，并对免疫的保护作用进行了初步分析，并为病原性螺旋藻疫苗的发展提供了进一步的前景。