PURPOSE The aim of this work is to implement real-time 3D MR thermometry for high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) monitoring. METHODS Volumetric MR thermometry was implemented based on a 3D echo-shifted sequence with short TR to improve temperature sensitivity. The 3D acquisition was accelerated in two phase encoding directions with controlled aliasing in volumetric parallel imaging (CAIPIRINHA). Image reconstruction was run in an open source reconstruction platform (Gadgetron). RESULTS Phantom experiments showed the proposed volumetric thermometry was comparable to the fiber optical thermometer. In-vivo animal experiments in rabbit thigh showed that the temperature error before and after 4× acceleration was less than 0.65 °C. Finally, real-time 3D thermometry with temporal resolution ~3 s and spatial resolution 2 × 2 × 5 mm3 (spatial coverage 192 × 192 × 80 mm3) was achieved with Gadgetron reconstruction. CONCLUSION Real-time temperature monitoring was achieved in-vivo by using parallel imaging accelerated 3D echo-shifted sequence with Gadgetron reconstruction.

中文翻译：

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在开源重建平台下使用3D回波移位序列进行实时体积MR测温。

目的这项工作的目的是为高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）监测实现实时3D MR测温。方法基于3D回波移位序列（TR较短）实施体积MR测温，以提高温度灵敏度。在体积平行成像（CAIPIRINHA）中，在受控混叠的两个相位编码方向上加速了3D采集。图像重建在开源重建平台（Gadgetron）中运行。结果幻影实验表明，所提出的体积测温法与光纤温度计相当。兔大腿的体内动物实验表明，4次加速前后的温度误差小于0.65°C。最后，利用Gadgetron重建技术，可以实现时间分辨率约为3 s，空间分辨率2×2×5 mm3（空间覆盖192×192×80 mm3）的实时3D测温。结论通过使用Gadgetron重建的并行成像加速3D回波移位序列，可以实现体内实时温度监测。