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Autoimmune complications of immunotherapy: pathophysiology and management
The BMJ ( IF 93.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-06 , DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m736
Karmela K Chan , Anne R Bass

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibodies that target inhibitory molecules, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), or its ligand, programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1), and lead to immune activation in the tumor micro-environment. ICIs can induce durable treatment responses in patients with advanced cancers, but they are commonly associated with immune related adverse events (irAEs) such as rash, colitis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, and endocrine and musculoskeletal disorders. Almost all patients experience some form of irAE, but high grade irAEs occur in approximately half of those on combination therapy (eg, anti-CTLA-4 plus anti-PD-1), and up to one quarter receiving ICI monotherapy. Fatal irAEs occur in approximately 1.2% of patients on CTLA-4 blockade and 0.4% of patients receiving PD-1 or PD-L1 blockade, and case fatality rates are highest for myocarditis and myositis. IrAEs typically occur in the first three months after ICI initiation, but can occur as early as one day after the first dose to years after ICI initiation. The mainstay of treatment is with corticosteroids, but tumor necrosis factor inhibitors are commonly used for refractory irAEs. Although ICIs are generally discontinued when high grade irAEs occur, ICI discontinuation alone is rarely adequate to resolve irAEs. Consensus guidelines have been published to help guide management, but will likely be modified as our understanding of irAEs grows.

中文翻译:

免疫疗法的自身免疫并发症:病理生理学和管理

免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)是靶向抑制性分子的单克隆抗体,例如细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(CTLA-4),程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(PD-1)或其配体,程序性细胞死亡蛋白配体1(PD-L1),并导致肿瘤微环境中的免疫活化。ICI可在晚期癌症患者中诱导持久的治疗反应,但它们通常与免疫相关的不良事件(irAE)相关,例如皮疹,结肠炎,肝炎,肺炎,内分泌和骨骼肌疾病。几乎所有患者都经历某种形式的irAE,但是高等级irAE发生于联合治疗(例如抗CTLA-4和抗PD-1)的一半,接受ICI单药治疗的患者高达四分之一。致命的irAEs发生在大约1。2%的患者接受CTLA-4阻滞,0.4%的患者接受PD-1或PD-L1阻滞,心肌炎和肌炎的病死率最高。IrAEs通常发生在ICI启动后的前三个月,但可能最早出现在ICI启动后的第一天到数年之间。皮质类固醇是治疗的主要手段,但肿瘤坏死因子抑制剂通常用于难治性irAE。尽管发生高级别irAE时通常会中断ICI,但仅中断ICI不足以解决irAE。共识指南已经发布,以帮助指导管理,但是随着我们对irAE的了解的增加,共识指南可能会被修改。IrAEs通常发生在ICI启动后的前三个月,但可能最早出现在ICI启动后的第一天到数年之间。治疗的主要手段是皮质类固醇激素,但肿瘤坏死因子抑制剂通常用于难治性irAE。尽管发生高级别irAE时通常会中断ICI,但仅中断ICI不足以解决irAE。共识指南已经发布,以帮助指导管理,但是随着我们对irAE的了解的增加,共识指南可能会被修改。IrAEs通常发生在ICI启动后的前三个月,但可能最早出现在ICI启动后的第一天到数年之间。治疗的主要方法是使用皮质类固醇,但是肿瘤坏死因子抑制剂通常用于难治性irAE。尽管发生高级别irAE时通常会中断ICI,但仅中断ICI不足以解决irAE。共识指南已经发布,以帮助指导管理,但是随着我们对irAE的了解的增加,共识指南可能会被修改。尽管发生高级别irAE时通常会中断ICI,但仅中断ICI不足以解决irAE。共识指南已经发布,以帮助指导管理,但是随着我们对irAE的了解的增加,共识指南可能会被修改。尽管发生高级别irAE时通常会中断ICI,但仅中断ICI不足以解决irAE。共识指南已经发布,以帮助指导管理,但是随着我们对irAE的了解的增加,共识指南可能会被修改。
更新日期:2020-04-06
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