The biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) is highly conserved among all kingdoms of life. In all molybdoenzymes containing Moco, the molybdenum atom is coordinated to a dithiolene group present in the pterin‐based 6‐alkyl side chain of molybdopterin (MPT). In general, the biosynthesis of Moco can be divided into four steps in in bacteria: (i) the starting point is the formation of the cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP) from 5′‐GTP, (ii) in the second step the two sulfur atoms are inserted into cPMP leading to the formation of MPT, (iii) in the third step the molybdenum atom is inserted into MPT to form Moco and (iv) in the fourth step bis‐Mo‐MPT is formed and an additional modification of Moco is possible with the attachment of a nucleotide (CMP or GMP) to the phosphate group of MPT, forming the dinucleotide variants of Moco. This review presents an update on the well‐characterized Moco biosynthesis in the model organism Escherichia coli including novel discoveries from the recent years.

中文翻译：

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大肠杆菌中钼辅因子的生物合成。

在所有生命王国中，钼辅助因子（Moco）的生物合成都高度保守。在所有含有Moco的钼酶中，钼原子与钼蝶呤（MPT）的基于蝶呤的6烷基侧链中的二硫代噻吩基配位。通常，在细菌中Moco的生物合成可分为四个步骤：（i）起点是从5'-GTP形成环状吡喃蝶呤单磷酸酯（cPMP），（ii）第二步是两个硫磺原子插入cPMP导致MPT的形成，（iii）在第三步中将钼原子插入MPT以形成Moco，（iv）在第四步中形成bis-Mo-MPT并进行Moco的其他修饰通过将核苷酸（CMP或GMP）连接到MPT的磷酸酯基上，形成Moco的二核苷酸变体是可能的。大肠杆菌，包括近年来的新发现。