The antifungal echinocandin lipopeptide, acrophiarin, was circumscribed in a patent in 1979. We confirmed that the producing strain NRRL 8095 is Penicillium arenicola and other strains of P . arenicola produced acrophiarin and acrophiarin analogues. Genome sequencing of NRRL 8095 identified the acrophiarin gene cluster. Penicillium arenicola and echinocandin‐producing Aspergillus species belong to the family Aspergillaceae of the Eurotiomycetes, but several features of acrophiarin and its gene cluster suggest a closer relationship with echinocandins from Leotiomycete fungi. These features include hydroxy‐glutamine in the peptide core instead of a serine or threonine residue, the inclusion of a non‐heme iron, α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent oxygenase for hydroxylation of the C3 of the glutamine, and a thioesterase. In addition, P. arenicola bears similarity to Leotiomycete echinocandin‐producing species because it exhibits self‐resistance to exogenous echinocandins. Phylogenetic analysis of the genes of the echinocandin biosynthetic family indicated that most of the predicted proteins of acrophiarin gene cluster exhibited higher similarity to the predicted proteins of the pneumocandin gene cluster of the Leotiomycete Glarea lozoyensis than to those of the echinocandin B gene cluster from A . pachycristatus . The fellutamide gene cluster and related gene clusters are recognized as relatives of the echinocandins. Inclusion of the acrophiarin gene cluster into a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of echinocandin gene clusters indicated the divergent evolutionary lineages of echinocandin gene clusters are descendants from a common ancestral progenitor. The minimal 10‐gene cluster may have undergone multiple gene acquisitions or losses and possibly horizontal gene transfer after the ancestral separation of the two lineages.

中文翻译：

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槟榔青霉菌的Acrophiarin（抗生素S31794 / F-1）与曲霉菌型和Leomyomycete型棘枝and素具有生物合成特征。

1979年，一项专利限制了抗真菌棘菌棘皮素脂肽，丙烯醛的含量。我们确认了生产菌株NRRL 8095是槟榔青霉和其他P菌株。沙柳产生acrophiarin和acrophiarin类似物。NRRL 8095的基因组测序鉴定出了丙烯腈基因簇。产青霉菌和棘皮菌素的曲霉该菌属属于欧洲真菌菌属的曲霉科，但其顶配菌素的几个特征及其基因簇表明它们与Leotiomycete真菌的棘球and素具有更紧密的联系。这些功能包括在肽核心中取代丝氨酸或苏氨酸残基的羟基谷氨酰胺，包含非血红素铁，α-酮戊二酸依赖性加氧酶（用于谷氨酰胺C3的羟基化）和硫酯酶。此外，斑节对虾与Leochomycete echinocandin产生物种相似，因为它对外源棘球chin素表现出自我抗性。棘白菌素生物合成家族的基因的系统发育分析表明，大多数acrophiarin基因簇的预测蛋白向Leotiomycete的纽莫康定基因簇的预测蛋白表现出更高的相似性Glarea lozoyensis比那些来自棘白菌素B基因簇的甲。隐足。氟脲酰胺基因簇和相关基因簇被认为是棘孢菌素的亲戚。将棘顶菌素基因簇纳入棘皮菌素基因簇的全面系统发育分析表明，棘皮菌素基因簇的不同进化谱系是共同祖先的后代。在两个谱系的祖先分离之后，最小的10个基因簇可能经历了多个基因采集或丢失，并可能进行了水平基因转移。