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When Would Immunologists Consider a Nanomaterial to be Safe? Recommendations for Planning Studies on Nanosafety.
Small ( IF 13.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-02 , DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907483 Martin Himly 1 , Mark Geppert 1 , Sabine Hofer 1 , Norbert Hofstätter 1 , Jutta Horejs-Höck 1 , Albert Duschl 1
Small ( IF 13.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-02 , DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907483 Martin Himly 1 , Mark Geppert 1 , Sabine Hofer 1 , Norbert Hofstätter 1 , Jutta Horejs-Höck 1 , Albert Duschl 1
Affiliation
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The immune system is professional in recognizing and responding to non-self, including nanomaterials. Immune responses by professional and nonprofessional immune cells are thus nearly inevitable upon exposure of cells and organisms to such materials. The state of research into taking the immune system into account in nanosafety studies is reviewed and three aspects in which further improvements are desirable are identified: 1) Due to technical limitations, more stringent testing for endotoxin contamination should be made. 2) Since under overdose conditions immunity shows unphysiological responses, all doses used should be justified by being equivalent to tissue-delivered doses. 3) When markers of acute inflammation or cell stress are observed, functional assays are necessary to distinguish between homeostatic fluctuation and genuine defensive or tolerogenic responses. Since immune activation can also indicate that the immune system considers a stimulus to be harmless and induces tolerance, activation markers by themselves do not necessarily imply a danger to the body. Guidelines such as these are necessary to approach the point where specific nanomaterials are classified as safe based on reliable testing strategies.
中文翻译：
免疫学家何时会认为纳米材料是安全的？纳米安全规划研究建议。
免疫系统专业于识别和响应非自我，包括纳米材料。因此，当细胞和生物体暴露于这种材料时，专业免疫和非专业免疫细胞的免疫反应几乎是不可避免的。回顾了在纳米安全性研究中考虑免疫系统的研究现状，并确定了需要进一步改进的三个方面：1）由于技术限制，应对内毒素污染进行更严格的测试。2）由于在过量情况下免疫力显示出非生理反应，因此应使用与组织输送剂量相当的剂量来证明其合理性。3）当观察到急性炎症或细胞应激的标志物时，功能测定对于区分稳态波动和真正的防御或耐受反应是必要的。由于免疫激活也可以表明免疫系统认为刺激无害并诱导耐受，因此激活标记本身并不一定意味着对身体的危害。这样的指南对于根据可靠的测试策略将特定的纳米材料归类为安全的点是必要的。
更新日期：2020-04-02
中文翻译：
免疫学家何时会认为纳米材料是安全的？纳米安全规划研究建议。
免疫系统专业于识别和响应非自我，包括纳米材料。因此，当细胞和生物体暴露于这种材料时，专业免疫和非专业免疫细胞的免疫反应几乎是不可避免的。回顾了在纳米安全性研究中考虑免疫系统的研究现状，并确定了需要进一步改进的三个方面：1）由于技术限制，应对内毒素污染进行更严格的测试。2）由于在过量情况下免疫力显示出非生理反应，因此应使用与组织输送剂量相当的剂量来证明其合理性。3）当观察到急性炎症或细胞应激的标志物时，功能测定对于区分稳态波动和真正的防御或耐受反应是必要的。由于免疫激活也可以表明免疫系统认为刺激无害并诱导耐受，因此激活标记本身并不一定意味着对身体的危害。这样的指南对于根据可靠的测试策略将特定的纳米材料归类为安全的点是必要的。
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