Abstract Detection of bioaerosols, or primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs), has become increasingly important for a wide variety of research communities and scientific questions. In particular, real-time (RT) techniques for autonomous, online detection and characterization of PBAP properties in both outdoor and indoor environments are becoming more commonplace and have opened avenues of research. With advances in technology, however, come challenges to standardize practices so that results are both reliable and comparable across technologies and users. Here, we present a critical review of major RT instrument classes that have been applied to PBAP research, especially with respect to environmental science, allergy monitoring, agriculture, public health, and national security. Eight major classes of RT techniques are covered, including the following: (i) fluorescence spectroscopy, (ii) elastic scattering, microscopy, and holography, (iii) Raman spectroscopy, (iv) mass spectrometry, (v) breakdown spectroscopy, (vi) remote sensing, (vii) microfluidic techniques, and (viii) paired aqueous techniques. For each class of technology we present technical limitations, misconceptions, and pitfalls, and also summarize best practices for operation, analysis, and reporting. The final section of the article presents pressing scientific questions and grand challenges for RT sensing of PBAP as well as recommendations for future work to encourage high-quality results and increased cross-community collaboration.

中文翻译：

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生物气溶胶的实时传感：回顾和当前观点

摘要 生物气溶胶或初级生物气溶胶颗粒 (PBAP) 的检测对于各种研究团体和科学问题变得越来越重要。特别是，用于室外和室内环境中 PBAP 特性的自主、在线检测和表征的实时 (RT) 技术正变得越来越普遍，并开辟了研究途径。然而，随着技术的进步，标准化实践带来了挑战，以便结果在技术和用户之间既可靠又具有可比性。在这里，我们对已应用于 PBAP 研究的主要 RT 仪器类别进行了批判性审查，特别是在环境科学、过敏监测、农业、公共卫生和国家安全方面。涵盖了八类主要的 RT 技术，包括以下内容：(i) 荧光光谱，(ii) 弹性散射、显微镜和全息，(iii) 拉曼光谱，(iv) 质谱，(v) 击穿光谱，(vi) 遥感，(vii) 微流体技术, 和 (viii) 成对的水性技术。对于每一类技术，我们都提出了技术限制、误解和陷阱，并总结了操作、分析和报告的最佳实践。文章的最后一部分提出了 PBAP 实时传感的紧迫科学问题和重大挑战，以及对未来工作的建议，以鼓励高质量结果和增加跨社区合作。(vi) 遥感，(vii) 微流体技术，和 (viii) 配对水技术。对于每一类技术，我们都提出了技术限制、误解和陷阱，并总结了操作、分析和报告的最佳实践。文章的最后一部分提出了 PBAP 实时传感的紧迫科学问题和重大挑战，以及对未来工作的建议，以鼓励高质量结果和增加跨社区合作。(vi) 遥感，(vii) 微流体技术，和 (viii) 配对水技术。对于每一类技术，我们都提出了技术限制、误解和陷阱，并总结了操作、分析和报告的最佳实践。文章的最后一部分提出了 PBAP 实时传感的紧迫科学问题和重大挑战，以及对未来工作的建议，以鼓励高质量结果和增加跨社区合作。