Orthognathic surgery (OGS) is a very complex surgical procedure aiming to correct a wide range of skeletal and dental irregularities, including jaws and teeth misalignments. It requires a precise pre-surgical planning and high surgical skills that are traditionally acquired through years of hands-on training in the operating room or in laboratory-based surgical practices using cadavers or models. Although modern engineering technologies have led to the development or computer-aided surgical procedures and systems, surgical training in OGS still relies on the traditional physical hands-on approach. This paper presents the results of an investigation carried out with the aim to evaluate the use of haptics and virtual reality technologies as an OGS training tool. Three case studies corresponding to cephalometry training, osteotomy training and surgery planning training were conducted. Participants comprised novices and experts in the area of OGS. Surgical skills, performance and confidence of trainees, in addition to reducing execution times and errors associated with the traditional OGS process, indicate that the haptic-enabled virtual reality approach is an effective training tool.

正颌外科手术（OGS）是一项非常复杂的外科手术，旨在纠正各种骨骼和牙齿的不规则状况，包括颌骨和牙齿的错位。它需要精确的术前规划和高水平的手术技能，而这些技能通常是通过在手术室或使用尸体或模型进行的基于实验室的手术实践中经过多年的实践培训而获得的。尽管现代工程技术导致了外科手术程序和系统的发展或获得了计算机辅助，但是OGS中的外科手术培训仍然依赖于传统的物理动手方法。本文介绍了一项旨在评估触觉和虚拟现实技术作为OGS培训工具使用情况的调查结果。与脑电图训练相对应的三个案例研究，进行了截骨术培训和手术计划培训。参与者包括OGS领域的新手和专家。受训人员的手术技能，表现和信心，除了减少与传统OGS流程相关的执行时间和错误外，还表明支持触觉的虚拟现实方法是一种有效的培训工具。