Introduction The emergence and spread of new strains of zoonotic bacteria, such as multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella Infantis, represent a growing health risk for humans in and outside Europe due to foodborne infections of poultry meat origin. Objectives In order to understand genome relations of S. Infantis strains from Hungary and from different geographic regions, we performed a comprehensive genome analysis of nine Hungarian and 67 globally selected strains of S. Infantis and 26 Salmonella strains representing 13 non-Infantis serovars. Results Analyses of whole-, and accessory genomes, showed that almost all S. Infantis strains were separated from the non-Infantis serovars. S. Infantis strains from Hungary formed subclusters based on their time of isolation. In whole genome sequence analysis, the Swiss strains of S. Infantis were closely related to each other and clustered together with subclusters of strains from Hungary, Japan, Italy, United States, and Israel. The accessory genome analysis revealed that the Swiss strains were distinct from most of the strains investigated, including the Hungarian ones. Analysis of the cloud genes offered the most detailed insight into the genetic distance and relationship of S. Infantis strains confirming that the Swiss and Hungarian strains belonged to different lineages. As expected, core genome analysis provided the least discriminatory power for analysis of S. Infantis. Genomic sequences of nine strains from Brazil, Israel, Mexico, Nigeria, and Senegal (deposited as S. Infantis) proved to be outliers from the S. Infantis clade. They were predicted to be Salmonella Rissen, Salmonella Ouakarm, Salmonella Kentucky, Salmonella Thompson, and Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae. Conclusion Accessory genome of S. Infantis showed the highest diversity suggesting a faster evolution than that of the whole genomes contributing to the emergence of multiple genetic variants of S. Infantis worldwide. Accordingly, in spite of the comprehensive analysis of several genomic characteristics, no epidemiologic links between these S. Infantis strains from different countries could be established. It is also concluded that several strains originally designated as S. Infantis need in databanks reclassification.

中文翻译：

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匈牙利和全球婴儿沙门氏菌菌株的比较基因组分析。

简介 由于禽肉来源的食源性感染，新的人畜共患细菌菌株（例如耐多药 (MDR) 婴儿沙门氏菌）的出现和传播对欧洲内外的人类健康风险日益增加。目的 为了了解来自匈牙利和不同地理区域的 S. Infantis 菌株的基因组关系，我们对代表 13 个非 Infantis 血清型的 9 个匈牙利和 67 个全球选定的 S. Infantis 菌株和 26 个沙门氏菌菌株进行了全面的基因组分析。结果 对全基因组和辅助基因组的分析表明，几乎所有婴儿沙门氏菌菌株都与非婴儿沙门氏菌血清型分离。来自匈牙利的 S. Infantis 菌株根据其分离时间形成了亚群。在全基因组序列分析中，瑞士菌株 S. Infantis 彼此密切相关，并与来自匈牙利、日本、意大利、美国和以色列的菌株亚群聚集在一起。辅助基因组分析显示，瑞士菌株与大多数研究菌株不同，包括匈牙利菌株。对云基因的分析为 S. Infantis 菌株的遗传距离和关系提供了最详细的见解，证实了瑞士和匈牙利菌株属于不同的谱系。正如预期的那样，核心基因组分析为 S. Infantis 的分析提供了最小的区分能力。来自巴西、以色列、墨西哥、尼日利亚和塞内加尔的九个菌株的基因组序列（保藏为 S. Infantis）被证明是 S. Infantis 进化枝的异常值。他们被预测为沙门氏菌 Rissen，沙门氏菌 Ouakarm，沙门氏菌肯塔基，汤普森沙门氏菌和肠沙门氏菌亚种。栉水母。结论 S. Infantis 的辅助基因组显示出最高的多样性，表明其进化速度比整个基因组的进化速度更快，这有助于在全球范围内出现 S. Infantis 的多种遗传变异。因此，尽管对几个基因组特征进行了综合分析，但无法确定来自不同国家的这些婴儿 S. Infantis 菌株之间的流行病学联系。还得出结论，最初指定为 S. Infantis 的几种菌株需要在数据库中重新分类。全世界的婴儿。因此，尽管对几个基因组特征进行了综合分析，但无法确定来自不同国家的这些婴儿 S. Infantis 菌株之间的流行病学联系。还得出结论，最初指定为 S. Infantis 的几种菌株需要在数据库中重新分类。全世界的婴儿。因此，尽管对几个基因组特征进行了综合分析，但无法确定来自不同国家的这些婴儿 S. Infantis 菌株之间的流行病学联系。还得出结论，最初指定为 S. Infantis 的几种菌株需要在数据库中重新分类。