Developing gene transfer technologies enables the genetic manipulation of the living organisms more efficiently. The methods used for gene transfer fall into two main categories; natural and artificial transformation. The natural methods include the conjugation, transposition, bacterial transformation as well as phage and retroviral transductions, contain the physical methods whereas the artificial methods can physically alter and transfer genes from one to another organisms' cell using, for instance, biolistic transformation, micro- and macroinjection, and protoplast fusion etc. The artificial gene transformation can also be conducted through chemical methods which include calcium phosphate-mediated, polyethylene glycol-mediated, DEAE-Dextran, and liposome-mediated transfers. Electrical methods are also artificial ways to transfer genes that can be done by electroporation and electrofusion. Comparatively, among all the above-mentioned methods, electroporation is being widely used owing to its high efficiency and broader applicability. Electroporation is an electrical transformation method by which transient electropores are produced in the cell membranes. Based on the applications, process can be either reversible where electropores in membrane are resealable and cells preserve the vitality or irreversible where membrane is not able to reseal, and cell eventually dies. This problem can be minimized by developing numerical models to iteratively optimize the field homogeneity considering the cell size, shape, number, and electrode positions supplemented by real-time measurements. In modern biotechnology, numerical methods have been used in electrotransformation, electroporation-based inactivation, electroextraction, and electroporative biomass drying. Moreover, current applications of electroporation also point to some other uncovered potentials for various exploitations in future.

中文翻译：

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通过电穿孔将基因转移至植物：方法和应用。

发展基因转移技术可以更有效地对生物进行遗传操作。用于基因转移的方法分为两大类：自然和人工转化。天然方法包括缀合，转座，细菌转化以及噬菌体和逆转录病毒转导，包含物理方法，而人工方法可以使用生物枪法转化，微生物学或其他方法物理改变基因并将基因从一个生物体转移到另一个生物体细胞。人工基因转化也可以通过化学方法进行，包括磷酸钙介导，聚乙二醇介导，DEAE-右旋糖酐和脂质体介导的转移。电方法也是转移基因的人工方法，可以通过电穿孔和电融合来完成。相比之下，在所有上述方法中，电穿孔由于其高效和广泛的应用而被广泛使用。电穿孔是一种电转化方法，通过该方法在细胞膜中产生瞬时电孔。根据应用，在膜上的电孔可重新密封且细胞保持活力的过程中，过程可以是可逆的；在膜无法重新密封的过程中，过程可以是不可逆的，而细胞最终会死亡。通过开发数值模型以考虑电池尺寸，形状，数量和电极位置并通过实时测量补充迭代地优化场均匀性，可以使此问题最小化。在现代生物技术中 数值方法已用于电转化，基于电穿孔的灭活，电萃取和电穿孔生物质干燥。而且，当前电穿孔的应用还指出了未来各种开发的其他一些未发现的潜力。