Suitable immobilization of a biorecognition element, such as an antigen or antibody, on a transducer surface is essential for development of sensitive and analytically reliable immunosensors. In this review, we report on (1) methods of antibody prefunctionalization using electroactive probes, (2) methods for immobilization of such conjugates on the surfaces of electrodes in electrochemical immunosensor construction and (3) the use of antibody-electroactive probe conjugates as bioreceptors and sensor signal generators. We focus on different strategies of antibody functionalization using the redox active probes ferrocene (Fc), anthraquinone (AQ), thionine (Thi), cobalt(III) bipyridine (Co(bpy)33+), Ru(bpy)32+ and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In addition, new possibilities for antibody functionalization based on bioconjugation techniques are presented. We discuss strategies of specific, quantitative antigen detection based on (i) a sandwich format and (ii) a direct signal generation scheme. Further, the integration of different nanomaterials in the construction of these immunosensors is presented. Lastly, we report the use of a redox probe strategy in multiplexed analyte detection.

中文翻译：

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基于抗体-电活性探针结合物的电化学免疫传感器。


生物识别元件（例如抗原或抗体）在传感器表面上的适当固定对于开发灵敏且分析可靠的免疫传感器至关重要。在这篇综述中，我们报告了（1）使用电活性探针进行抗体预功能化的方法，（2）在电化学免疫传感器构建中将此类缀合物固定在电极表面上的方法，以及（3）使用抗体-电活性探针缀合物作为生物受体和传感器信号发生器。我们专注于使用氧化还原活性探针二茂铁 (Fc)、蒽醌 (AQ)、硫堇 (Thi)、联吡啶钴 (III) (Co(bpy)33+)、Ru(bpy)32+ 和辣根进行抗体功能化的不同策略过氧化物酶（HRP）。此外，还提出了基于生物共轭技术的抗体功能化的新可能性。我们讨论基于（i）三明治格式和（ii）直接信号生成方案的特异性定量抗原检测策略。此外，还介绍了在这些免疫传感器的构建中不同纳米材料的集成。最后，我们报告了氧化还原探针策略在多重分析物检测中的使用。