Nucleic acid derivatives are imperative biomolecules and are involved in life governing processes. The chemical modification of nucleic acid is a fascinating area for researchers due to the potential activity exhibited as antiviral and antitumor agents. In addition, these molecules are also of interest toward conducting useful biochemical, pharmaceutical, and mutagenic study. For accessing such synthetically useful structures and features, transition-metal catalyzed processes have been proven over the years to be an excellent tool for carrying out the various transformations with ease and under mild reaction conditions. Amidst various transition-metal catalyzed processes available for nucleoside modification, Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have proven to be perhaps the most efficient, successful, and broadly applicable reactions in both academia and industry. Pd-catalyzed C–C and C–heteroatom bond forming reactions have been widely used for the modification of the heterocyclic moiety in the nucleosides, although a single catalyst system that could address all the different requirements for nucleoside modifications isvery rare or non-existent. With this in mind, we present herein a review showcasing the recent developments and improvements from our research groups toward the development of Pd-catalyzed strategies including drug synthesis using a single efficient catalyst system for the modification of nucleosides and other heterocycles. The review also highlights the improvement in conditions or the yield of various bio-active nucleosides or commercial drugs possessing the nucleoside structural core. Scale ups wherever performed (up to 100 g) of molecules of commercial importance have also been disclosed.

中文翻译：

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用于核苷和杂芳烃修饰的高效钯催化剂的发现、合成和放大


核酸衍生物是重要的生物分子，参与生命控制过程。核酸的化学修饰对于研究人员来说是一个令人着迷的领域，因为其具有作为抗病毒和抗肿瘤药物的潜在活性。此外，这些分子也有利于进行有用的生化、药物和诱变研究。为了获得此类合成上有用的结构和特征，多年来过渡金属催化过程已被证明是在温和反应条件下轻松进行各种转化的出色工具。在可用于核苷修饰的各种过渡金属催化过程中，钯催化的交叉偶联反应已被证明可能是学术界和工业界最有效、最成功且应用广泛的反应。 Pd催化的C-C和C-杂原子成键反应已广泛用于核苷中杂环部分的修饰，尽管能够满足核苷修饰所有不同要求的单一催化剂体系非常罕见或不存在。考虑到这一点，我们在此发表一篇综述，展示我们的研究小组在钯催化策略开发方面的最新进展和改进，包括使用单一有效催化剂系统修饰核苷和其他杂环的药物合成。该综述还强调了各种生物活性核苷或具有核苷结构核心的商业药物的条件或产量的改善。还公开了具有商业重要性的分子在任何地方进行的放大（高达100克）。