We provide here the first systematic review on the studies dealing with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for traumatic brain injury (TBI) in animals and humans. Several experimental studies in animal models have explored with promising results the use of rTMS to enhance neuroprotection and recovery after TBI. However, there are surprisingly few studies that have obtained substantial evidence regarding effects of rTMS in humans with TBI, many of them are case reports investigating the heterogeneous conditions linked to TBI. The most studies have investigated the effects of rTMS in subjects with post-traumatic depression and variable effects have been observed. rTMS has been proposed as an experimental approach for the treatment of disorders of consciousness (DOC), but in subjects with TBI therapeutic effects on DOC have also been variously documented. Beneficial effects have been reported in subjects with cognitive/emotional disturbances and auditory dysfunction (tinnitus and hallucinations), although the results are somewhat conflicting. rTMS applied over the left prefrontal cortex may relieve, at least transiently, post-traumatic headache. Isolated rTMS studies have been performed in TBI patients with motor impairment, chronic dizziness or pain. Especially whether provided in combination, rTMS and neurorehabilitation may be synergistic in the potential to translate experimental findings in the clinical practice. In order to reach definitive conclusions, well-designed randomized controlled studies with larger patient samples, improved design and optimized rTMS setup, are warranted to verify and corroborate the initial promising findings.

中文翻译：

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创伤性脑损伤中的重复经颅磁刺激：来自动物和人类研究的证据。

我们在此提供了关于针对动物和人类创伤性脑损伤 (TBI) 的重复经颅磁刺激 (rTMS) 研究的首次系统评价。动物模型中的几项实验研究已经探索了使用 rTMS 来增强 TBI 后的神经保护和恢复的有希望的结果。然而，令人惊讶的是，很少有研究获得关于 rTMS 对人类 TBI 影响的实质性证据，其中许多是调查与 TBI 相关的异质条件的病例报告。大多数研究调查了 rTMS 对创伤后抑郁症患者的影响，并观察到了不同的影响。rTMS 已被提议作为治疗意识障碍 (DOC) 的实验方法，但在 TBI 对 DOC 治疗效果的受试者中也有不同的记录。已有认知/情绪障碍和听觉功能障碍（耳鸣和幻觉）的受试者报告了有益效果，尽管结果有些矛盾。rTMS 应用于左前额叶皮层可以缓解，至少是暂时的，创伤后头痛。已经在有运动障碍、慢性头晕或疼痛的 TBI 患者中进行了单独的 rTMS 研究。特别是无论是否联合提供，rTMS 和神经康复可能在将实验结果转化为临床实践的潜力方面具有协同作用。为了得出明确的结论，设计良好的随机对照研究，包括更大的患者样本、改进的设计和优化的 rTMS 设置，