Abstract We report on the latest scientific advances related to the use of porous foams and gels prepared with cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and nanocrystals (CNC) as well as bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) – collectively nanocelluloses – as biomedical materials for application in tissue regeneration. Interest in such applications stems from the lightweight and strong structures that can be efficiently produced from these nanocelluloses. Dried nanocellulose foams and gels, including xerogels, cryogels, and aerogels have been synthesized effortlessly using green, scalable, and cost-effective techniques. Methods to control structural features (e.g., porosity, morphology, and mechanical performance) and biological interactions (e.g., biocompatibility and biodegradability) are discussed in light of specific tissues of interest. The state-of-the-art in the field of nanocellulose-based scaffolds for tissue engineering is presented, covering physicochemical and biological properties relevant to these porous systems that promise groundbreaking advances. Specifically, these materials show excellent performance for in vitro cell culturing and in vivo implantation. We report on recent efforts related to BNC scaffolds used in animal and human implants, which furthermore support the viability of CNF- and CNC-based scaffolds in next-generation biomedical materials.

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多孔纳米纤维素凝胶和泡沫：组织工程支架开发的突破状态

摘要 我们报告了与使用由纤维素纳米纤维 (CNF) 和纳米晶体 (CNC) 以及细菌纳米纤维素 (BNC)（统称为纳米纤维素）制备的多孔泡沫和凝胶作为用于组织再生的生物医学材料相关的最新科学进展。对此类应用的兴趣源于可以由这些纳米纤维素有效生产的轻质和坚固的结构。干燥的纳米纤维素泡沫和凝胶，包括干凝胶、冷冻凝胶和气凝胶，已经使用绿色、可扩展且具有成本效益的技术轻松合成。根据感兴趣的特定组织讨论了控制结构特征（例如，孔隙率、形态和机械性能）和生物相互作用（例如，生物相容性和生物降解性）的方法。介绍了用于组织工程的基于纳米纤维素的支架领域的最新技术，涵盖了与这些有望取得突破性进展的多孔系统相关的物理化学和生物特性。具体而言，这些材料在体外细胞培养和体内植入方面表现出优异的性能。我们报告了最近与用于动物和人体植入物的 BNC 支架相关的工作，这进一步支持了基于 CNF 和 CNC 的支架在下一代生物医学材料中的可行性。