Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including those targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), its ligand 1 (PD-L1), or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) have become the standard treatment for several malignancies, including lung cancer. However, some patient populations have been routinely excluded from clinical trials or are underrepresented in these studies, as is the case of elderly patients or patients with poor performance status, brain metastases, solid organ transplant, autoimmune diseases, chronic viral infections (such as human immunodeficiency virus or chronic viral hepatitis B and C), or organ dysfunction. Thus, the safety and efficacy of ICIs in these special populations is still unclear, despite regulatory approval of these agents. This review analyzes and summarizes the available information on the efficacy and safety of ICIs in these special populations, focusing on patients with lung cancer.

中文翻译：

---

特殊人群中的免疫检查点抑制剂。专注于晚期肺癌患者。

免疫检查点抑制剂（ICI），包括靶向程序性细胞死亡1（PD-1），其配体1（PD-L1）或细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原4（CTLA-4）的抑制剂，已成为多种恶性肿瘤的标准治疗方法，包括肺癌。但是，某些患者人群通常被排除在临床试验之外或在这些研究中代表性不足，例如老年患者或表现状况差，脑转移，实体器官移植，自身免疫性疾病，慢性病毒感染（例如人类）的患者。免疫缺陷病毒或慢性病毒性乙型和丙型肝炎）或器官功能障碍。因此，尽管这些药物得到监管部门的批准，但ICI在这些特殊人群中的安全性和有效性仍不清楚。