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Automatic estimation of dairy cattle body condition score from depth image using ensemble model
Biosystems Engineering ( IF 4.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2020.03.011
Dong Liu , Dongjian He , Tomas Norton

Body condition scoring (BCS) gives a relative measure of subcutaneous body fat available as energy reserves in the dairy cow. It is an important management tool for maximising milk production and reproduction efficiency while reducing the incidence of metabolic and peripartum diseases. The feasibility of estimating the BCS by computer vision has been demonstrated in recent research. However, the techniques explored to date may be limited in dynamic backgrounds or in applications for an imbalanced dataset of cows' BCS, which is likely to be encountered in dairy farming. In this study, a dynamic background model (Gaussian Mixture Model, GMM) was used to separate the cow from the background. Then, a series of image processing algorithms were proposed for quantifying the indicators used in manual scoring, including global features and local features. Finally, an ensemble learning approach was used to model the imbalanced dataset. The results demonstrate that applying GMM on depth images can eliminate the difficulty of object detection caused by background changes. The image processing algorithms can automatically acquire valid images, locate regions of interest and extract image features without any manual intervention. In 5-fold cross-validation, the ensemble model achieved an average accuracy of 56% within 0.125-point deviation, 76% within 0.25-point deviations and 94% within 0.5-point deviations. Especially, the proposed method has a better predictive performance for cows with extreme body condition than is possible with the current state of the art.

中文翻译:

基于深度图像的集成模型自动估计奶牛体况评分

身体状况评分 (BCS) 给出了可作为奶牛能量储备的皮下体脂肪的相对测量值。它是最大限度地提高牛奶产量和繁殖效率,同时减少代谢和围产期疾病发生率的重要管理工具。最近的研究已经证明了通过计算机视觉估计 BCS 的可行性。然而,迄今为止探索的技术可能在动态背景或奶牛 BCS 不平衡数据集的应用中受到限制,这可能在奶牛养殖中遇到。本研究采用动态背景模型(Gaussian Mixture Model,GMM)将奶牛与背景分离。然后,提出了一系列图像处理算法来量化人工评分中使用的指标,包括全局特征和局部特征。最后,使用集成学习方法对不平衡数据集进行建模。结果表明,在深度图像上应用 GMM 可以消除背景变化导致的目标检测困难。图像处理算法可以自动获取有效图像,定位感兴趣区域并提取图像特征,无需任何人工干预。在 5 折交叉验证中,集成模型在 0.125 点偏差内实现了 56% 的平均准确率,在 0.25 点偏差内达到了 76%,在 0.5 点偏差内达到了 94%。特别是,与当前最先进的技术相比,所提出的方法对极端身体状况的奶牛具有更好的预测性能。结果表明,在深度图像上应用 GMM 可以消除背景变化导致的目标检测困难。图像处理算法可以自动获取有效图像,定位感兴趣区域并提取图像特征,无需任何人工干预。在 5 折交叉验证中,集成模型在 0.125 点偏差内实现了 56% 的平均准确率,在 0.25 点偏差内达到了 76%,在 0.5 点偏差内达到了 94%。特别是,与当前最先进的技术相比,所提出的方法对极端身体状况的奶牛具有更好的预测性能。结果表明,在深度图像上应用 GMM 可以消除背景变化导致的目标检测困难。图像处理算法可以自动获取有效图像,定位感兴趣区域并提取图像特征,无需任何人工干预。在 5 折交叉验证中,集成模型在 0.125 点偏差内实现了 56% 的平均准确率,在 0.25 点偏差内达到了 76%,在 0.5 点偏差内达到了 94%。特别是,与当前最先进的技术相比,所提出的方法对极端身体状况的奶牛具有更好的预测性能。无需任何人工干预即可定位感兴趣区域并提取图像特征。在 5 折交叉验证中,集成模型在 0.125 点偏差内实现了 56% 的平均准确率,在 0.25 点偏差内达到了 76%,在 0.5 点偏差内达到了 94%。特别是,与当前最先进的技术相比,所提出的方法对极端身体状况的奶牛具有更好的预测性能。无需任何人工干预即可定位感兴趣区域并提取图像特征。在 5 折交叉验证中,集成模型在 0.125 点偏差内实现了 56% 的平均准确率,在 0.25 点偏差内达到了 76%,在 0.5 点偏差内达到了 94%。特别是,与当前最先进的技术相比,所提出的方法对极端身体状况的奶牛具有更好的预测性能。
更新日期:2020-06-01
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