BACKGROUND Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent condition in children and adolescents. Although there are pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for this disorder, barriers in accessing evidence-based treatments are still a major problem. Digital health interventions are promising for multiple mental health problems. Recent years have brought an increase in the number of existing mobile apps designed for the management of ADHD. The aim of this study was to systematically review the existing mobile apps designed for ADHD in terms of general characteristics, empirical support for their development and efficacy/ effectiveness, and to describe the content and design of the four most downloaded ADHD apps. METHOD We conducted systematic searches on iTunes/iOS (Apple App Store), Google Play and the National Health Service Health Apps Library up to May 2017 and checked for changes in March and September 2019. We included those apps that were designed for ADHD, target assessment, treatment, or both, were in English and were functional. We identified 355 apps in the virtual stores, out of which we included 109 apps in the present systematic review. For each app we extracted the following information: target population, developer, price, number of downloads, ratings, privacy, available language other than English, category, purpose and empirical support. A second search was conducted in literature databases up to September 2019: PsycINFO, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane database. RESULTS We found 109 ADHD apps in the virtual stores available to both young and adult populations, developed for children, adolescents, parents, teachers, and professionals. Most of the apps included are designed for treatment, or ADHD symptoms assessment, however, we found several apps designed for both assessment and treatment purposes. Very few apps contained information regarding their development and none contained information regarding evidence for its efficacy/ effectiveness. Four apps were the most downloaded, with 10,000 (three apps) to 100,000-500,000 (one app) downloads. Out of 51 papers identified through systematic searches in the literature, we identified only one study that met our inclusion criteria, however, this study was published in 2018, outside of the 2017 app store search, therefore, there is no overlap between evidence in the literature and apps on the market. CONCLUSIONS Given the large proliferation of mental health apps and their potential benefits in terms of dissemination and costs, future research needs to be conducted in order to establish the safety and efficacy of ADHD apps available on the commercial market.

中文翻译：

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注意缺陷/多动障碍移动应用程序：系统综述。

背景技术注意力缺乏/多动症（ADHD）是儿童和青少年中的普遍病症。尽管有针对该疾病的药物学和非药物学治疗方法，但获得循证治疗的障碍仍然是一个主要问题。数字健康干预有望解决多种心理健康问题。近年来，为管理多动症而设计的现有移动应用程序的数量有所增加。这项研究的目的是从总体特征，对它们的开发以及功效/有效性的经验支持方面系统地审查现有的针对ADHD设计的移动应用，并描述下载次数最多的四个ADHD应用的内容和设计。方法我们在iTunes / iOS（Apple App Store）上进行了系统的搜索，截至2017年5月的Google Play和国家卫生服务中心的健康应用程序库，并在2019年3月和2019年9月检查了更改。我们提供的这些应用程序是用于英语，能正常工作的多动症，目标评估，治疗或两者兼而有之。我们在虚拟商店中确定了355个应用程序，在本系统评价中，其中包括109个应用程序。对于每个应用程序，我们提取了以下信息：目标人群，开发人员，价格，下载次数，等级，隐私，除英语之外的可用语言，类别，目的和经验支持。截至2019年9月在文献数据库中进行了第二次搜索：PsycINFO，Pubmed，Scopus，Web of Science，Cochrane数据库。结果我们在虚拟商店中找到了109个ADHD应用程序，这些应用程序适用于年轻人，成年人，并为儿童，青少年，父母，老师和专业人士。其中包含的大多数应用程序都是为治疗或ADHD症状评估而设计的，但是，我们发现了一些同时用于评估和治疗目的的应用程序。几乎没有应用包含有关其开发的信息，而没有包含有关其功效/有效性的证据的信息。下载次数最多的是四个应用程序，下载次数为10,000（三个应用程序）至100,000-500,000（一个应用程序）。通过文献系统检索确定的51篇论文中，我们仅发现一项符合我们纳入标准的研究，然而，该研究于2018年发布，而不是2017年App Store的搜索，因此，文献中的证据之间没有重叠。市场上的文献和应用。