Abstract In recent years the electricity system has started to undergo significant changes. Three major developments are underpinning these changes: (i) the rapid digitalization of the energy system leading to smart grids and increasing flexibility in the system; (ii) the increasing electricity generation from variable renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar; and (iii) the continuing decentralization of electricity generation leading to more and more prosumagers (consumers, which also produce energy and store it) instead of former consumers. Among other necessary changes these developments have led to calls for additional storage capacities. The core objective of this paper is to investigate the possible role of electricity storage in such smart energy systems. We consider all relevant types of storage: short-term ones such as pumped hydro storage, small and large stationary battery and the battery of electric vehicles as well as long-term storage such as hydrogen and methane from power-to-gas conversion technologies and compressed air energy storage. The major conclusions of this analysis are: In recent years the options for placing storage in smart energy systems as well as types of storage have been increasing significantly. However, low number of full-load hours is still the major problem of all electricity storage options.

中文翻译：

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储能在智能能源系统中的作用

摘要 近年来，电力系统开始发生重大变化。三大发展支撑着这些变化：(i) 能源系统的快速数字化导致智能电网和系统灵活性的增加；(ii) 风能和太阳能等可变可再生能源的发电量增加；(iii) 发电的持续分散导致越来越多的产消者（也生产和储存能源的消费者）而不是以前的消费者。在其他必要的变化中，这些发展导致了对额外存储容量的要求。本文的核心目标是研究电力存储在此类智能能源系统中的可能作用。我们考虑所有相关类型的存储：抽水蓄能、小型和大型固定电池和电动汽车电池等短期储能，以及来自电转气技术和压缩空气储能技术的氢气和甲烷等长期储能。该分析的主要结论是： 近年来，在智能能源系统中放置存储的选项以及存储类型显着增加。然而，满负荷小时数仍然是所有电力存储选项的主要问题。近年来，在智能能源系统中放置存储的选项以及存储类型已显着增加。然而，满负荷小时数仍然是所有电力存储选项的主要问题。近年来，在智能能源系统中放置存储的选项以及存储类型已显着增加。然而，满负荷小时数仍然是所有电力存储选项的主要问题。