Bifunctional acid/base nanocatalysts was fabricated with several secondary hard-templated ZSM-5 supports to produce biodiesel. Carbon active, charcoal, graphite and multi-wall carbon nanotube were carbonaceous sources used as template. Furthermore, ultrasound was utilized to increase dispersion of the carbon particles. The nanocatalysts were characterized by XRD, FESEM, TEM, EDX, BET-BJH, TPD-CO₂, TPD-NH₃ and TPR techniques and then investigated in the transesterification of sunflower seed oil. Results proved the improvement of catalytic properties and performance by adding all carbon templates except the graphite. The sonicated and charcoal templated sample had the highest mesopore volume resulting in 90.4 % conversion of oil. TEM images showed the meso pores created by carbon template and proved the enhanced pore distribution resulted by sonication. TPD-CO₂ confirmed the enrichment of strong catalytic sites by addition of carbon templates as well as sonication. The sonicated nanocatalyst showed higher stability with only 2.4 % conversion drop after five cycles.

双功能酸/碱纳米催化剂是用几种次级硬模板ZSM-5载体制备的，以生产生物柴油。碳活性物质，木炭，石墨和多壁碳纳米管是用作模板的碳源。此外，利用超声来增加碳颗粒的分散。通过XRD，FESEM，TEM，EDX，BET-BJH，TPD-CO ₂，TPD-NH ₃对纳米催化剂进行了表征。和TPR技术，然后研究葵花籽油的酯交换反应。结果证明，通过添加除石墨之外的所有碳模板，可以改善催化性能和性能。经超声处理并以木炭为模板的样品具有最高的中孔体积，导致油的转化率为90.4％。TEM图像显示了碳模板产生的介孔，并证明了超声处理后孔分布的增强。TPD-CO ₂证实了通过添加碳模板以及超声处理，可以增强强催化位点。超声处理的纳米催化剂显示出更高的稳定性，五个循环后转化率仅下降2.4％。