Research Highlights: Technology advances have allowed for a new approach to research the decline of the Korean fir (Abies koreana E.H.Wilson). This study provides insights into the exact causes leading to this decline. Background and Objectives: Various factors could lead to the decline of fir trees around Mt. Halla, Korea, but these have not yet been verified. Here, the Korean fir across Mt. Halla were classified as dead or living and mapped using high-resolution orthorectified aerial images and three-dimensional (3D) stereoplotting. Materials and Methods: Aerial photographs were used to map spatial distribution and analyze the distribution patterns and mortality of the Korean fir. The electronic stereoplotting program (Geo3Di-PRO) enabled the creation of 3D images from aerial photographs. General, altitudinal, and topographical distribution was assessed. Results: Their accumulated percent mortality rate (APMR) showed positive correlations with altitude and tree density, a negative correlation with terrain slope, and no consistent correlation with solar radiation. The results indicate that increases in the density of Korean firs are related to decreased growth in areas at high altitude, on gentle slopes, and with high solar radiation. Consistent positive correlations between density and APMR indicate that fir mortality can be attributed to environmental deterioration and the establishment of unfavorable growth conditions. Areas with high APMR and density had gentle slopes, thus high soil moisture, or relatively high annual precipitation owing to high altitude. Conclusion: Fir mortality on Mt. Halla can be attributed to long-term persistently high rainfall and subsequent excess soil moisture.

中文翻译：

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基于山峰空间分布的朝鲜冷杉衰退原因。韩国汉拿地区：荟萃分析

研究要点：技术的进步为研究朝鲜冷杉的衰落提供了一种新方法（Abies koreana EHWilson）。这项研究提供了导致下降的确切原因的见解。背景与目的：各种各样的因素可能导致山顶冷杉的衰落。韩国汉拿，但尚未经过验证。在这里，红杉越过富士山。汉拿（Halla）被分类为死亡或活着，并使用高分辨率的正射影像和三维（3D）立体绘图进行绘制。材料和方法：航拍照片被用来绘制空间分布图，并分析红松的分布模式和死亡率。电子立体绘图程序（Geo3Di-PRO）可以从航空照片创建3D图像。评估了总体，海拔和地形分布。结果：他们的累积死亡率百分比（APMR）与海拔和树木密度呈正相关，与地形坡度呈负相关，而与太阳辐射则无一致性。结果表明，高密度杉的密度增加与高海拔，平缓坡度和太阳辐射高的地区的生长下降有关。密度与APMR之间的一致正相关表明，冷杉死亡率可归因于环境恶化和不利的生长条件的建立。APMR高且密度高的地区坡度平缓，因此土壤湿度高，或者由于海拔高而年降水量相对较高。结论：杉木山死亡率 汉拿可归因于长期持续的高降雨和随后过量的土壤水分。