Context Deforestation and landscape fragmentation have been identified as processes enabling direct transmission of zoonotic infections. Certain human behaviors provide opportunities for direct contact between humans and wild nonhuman primates (NHPs), but are often missing from studies linking landscape level factors and observed infectious diseases. Objectives Our objective is to better understand landscape and livelihood factors influencing human-NHP contact in rural communities whose landscapes undergo deforestation. We investigate core loss and edge density within a buffered area around survey respondent households to identify which landscape changes and behaviors increase the risk of human-NHP contact. Methods Behavioral survey data were collected from small-scale agriculturists living near forest fragments around Kibale National Park in western Uganda. We combined spatially explicit behavioral data with high-resolution satellite imagery. Using land cover classification and change detection, we investigated the relationships between forest loss and fragmentation, behavioral data, and human-NHP contact using logistic regression. Results Between 2011 and 2015, there were differences in the landscape metrics around the households of individuals who had experienced human-NHP contact compared to those who had not had contact. Increased edge density around households, collection of small trees for construction, and foraging and hunting for food in forested habitat significantly increase the likelihood of human-NHP contact. Conclusion This study provides empirical evidence that forest landscape fragmentation and certain smallholders’ behaviors in forest patches jointly increase the likelihood of human-NHP contact events. Combining spatially explicit data on land use and human behaviors is crucial for understanding the social and ecological drivers of human-NHP contact.

中文翻译：

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非洲的栖息地破碎化、生计行为以及人与非人类灵长类动物之间的接触

背景 森林砍伐和景观破碎化已被确定为能够直接传播人畜共患传染病的过程。某些人类行为为人类与野生非人类灵长类动物 (NHP) 之间的直接接触提供了机会，但在将景观水平因素与观察到的传染病联系起来的研究中往往缺失。目标 我们的目标是更好地了解景观和生计因素，影响景观遭到砍伐的农村社区中人类与 NHP 的接触。我们调查了调查受访家庭周围缓冲区内的核心损耗和边缘密度，以确定哪些景观变化和行为会增加人类与 NHP 接触的风险。方法 行为调查数据来自居住在乌干达西部基巴莱国家公园周围森林碎片附近的小规模农户。我们将空间明确的行为数据与高分辨率卫星图像相结合。使用土地覆盖分类和变化检测，我们使用逻辑回归研究了森林损失和破碎、行为数据和人类与 NHP 接触之间的关系。结果 2011 年至 2015 年间，与未接触过人类-NHP 的个体相比，经历过人类与 NHP 接触的个体家庭周围的景观指标存在差异。家庭周围边缘密度的增加、收集用于建筑的小树以及在森林栖息地觅食和狩猎显着增加了人类与 NHP 接触的可能性。结论 本研究提供的经验证据表明，森林景观破碎化和森林斑块中某些小农的行为共同增加了人类与 NHP 接触事件的可能性。结合土地利用和人类行为的空间明确数据对于理解人类与 NHP 接触的社会和生态驱动因素至关重要。