The production of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Brazil exhibits the highest growth rate in the world and represents approximately 45% of the total fish production. The objective of the present study was to assess the risk for human health due the consumption of tilapia farmed in net cages in eight aquaculture parks in Brazil. The concentrations of pesticides (40 compounds), metals (Mn, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Sn), arsenic, and cyanotoxins (microcystins) were evaluated in 16 fish from each park. Among analyzed pesticides, pyraclostrobin (0.18-0.32 mg/kg) and fenthion (0.0026-0.0037 mg/kg) exhibited values above the limit of quantification in the tilapia from Aracoiaba, Castanhão, and Ilha Solteira. The highest concentrations of As (0.44 μg/g) in fish tissues were found in Juara, Mn (0.21 μg/g) in Castanhão, and Zi (11.5 μg/g) were found in Três Marias. Furnas and Linhares exhibited the lowest metal concentrations. The estimated daily intake of muscle by the average Brazilian with 70 kg body weight is below the reference dose for all studied metals in all parks. Total free microcystins showed an accumulation pattern (muscle < gill < liver). The highest concentration in muscle was found in Castanhão (1043 μg/kg) samples. The results showed that fish exhibited metal, As, and pesticide tolerable daily intake (TDI) below the limit and pose low risk for human consumption. Otherwise, TDI for microcystins in fish of all studied parks was above the maximum level recommended by the World Health Organization, indicating that there exists a toxicity risk of fish consumption.

中文翻译：

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巴西水产养殖公园罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）中的金属，砷，农药和微囊藻毒素。

巴西的尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）的产量显示出世界上最高的增长率，约占鱼类总产量的45％。本研究的目的是评估巴西八个水产养殖场中网箱养殖的罗非鱼的食用对人体健康的风险。在每个公园的16条鱼中评估了农药（40种化合物），金属（锰，镍，锌，镉，铅和锡），砷和氰毒素（微囊藻毒素）的浓度。在分析的农药中，吡咯菌酯（0.18-0.32 mg / kg）和二硫磷（0.0026-0.0037 mg / kg）在罗非鱼中的值超过了罗非鱼的定量极限，这些罗非鱼来自Aracoiaba，Castanhão和Ilha Solteira。在鱼ara中鱼组织中砷的最高含量（0.44μg/ g），在Castanhão中的锰（0.21μg/ g）和Zi（11。在TrêsMarias中发现5μg/ g）。Furnas和Linhares的金属浓度最低。平均体重为70公斤的巴西人估计的每日肌肉摄入量低于所有公园中所有研究金属的参考剂量。总的游离微囊藻毒素显示出积累模式（肌肉<ill <肝脏）。在Castanhão（1043μg/ kg）样品中发现了最高的肌肉浓度。结果表明，鱼类的金属，砷和农药可耐受的每日摄入量（TDI）低于限值，对人类食用的风险较低。否则，所有研究公园中鱼中微囊藻毒素的TDI均高于世界卫生组织建议的最高水平，表明存在食用鱼的毒性风险。平均体重为70公斤的巴西人估计的每日肌肉摄入量低于所有公园中所有研究金属的参考剂量。总的游离微囊藻毒素显示出积累模式（肌肉<ill <肝脏）。在Castanhão（1043μg/ kg）样品中发现了最高的肌肉浓度。结果表明，鱼类的金属，砷和农药耐受的每日摄入量（TDI）低于限量，对人类食用的风险较低。否则，所有研究公园中鱼中微囊藻毒素的TDI均高于世界卫生组织建议的最高水平，表明存在食用鱼的毒性风险。平均体重为70公斤的巴西人估计的每日肌肉摄入量低于所有公园中所有研究金属的参考剂量。总的游离微囊藻毒素显示出积累模式（肌肉<ill <肝脏）。在Castanhão（1043μg/ kg）样品中发现了最高的肌肉浓度。结果表明，鱼类的金属，砷和农药耐受的每日摄入量（TDI）低于限量，对人类食用的风险较低。否则，所有研究公园中鱼中微囊藻毒素的TDI均高于世界卫生组织建议的最高水平，表明存在食用鱼的毒性风险。总的游离微囊藻毒素显示出积累模式（肌肉<ill <肝脏）。在Castanhão（1043μg/ kg）样品中发现了最高的肌肉浓度。结果表明，鱼类的金属，砷和农药耐受的每日摄入量（TDI）低于限量，对人类食用的风险较低。否则，所有研究公园中鱼中微囊藻毒素的TDI均高于世界卫生组织建议的最高水平，表明存在食用鱼的毒性风险。总的游离微囊藻毒素显示出积累模式（肌肉<ill <肝脏）。在Castanhão（1043μg/ kg）样品中发现了最高的肌肉浓度。结果表明，鱼类的金属，砷和农药耐受的每日摄入量（TDI）低于限量，对人类食用的风险较低。否则，所有研究公园中鱼中微囊藻毒素的TDI均高于世界卫生组织建议的最高水平，表明存在食用鱼的毒性风险。