A major uptake route of nanoparticles (NPs) occurs via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. When GI tract cells are exposed, NPs cytotoxic effects are observed that subsequently adversely affect the GI tract morphology and have consequences for the whole organism. The aim of this study was to understand the mechanism of effects caused by ZnO-NPs compared to Zn ions on the earthworm Eisenia andrei.

The following aspects of individually exposed earthworms were investigated: 1) qualitative structural alterations in the gut epithelium and chloragogen cells of the GI tract, 2) quantitative changes within chloragogen tissues after 48 h of exposure (using morphometric analysis), and 3) the ADP/ATP ratio in homogenized tissue of the whole organism after 21 days of exposure to contaminated soil (contamination phase) followed by 14 days of elimination in clean soil (decontamination phase) to identify possible recovery.

Both ZnO-NPs and Zn ions adversely affect the gut epithelium and chloragogen tissue of earthworms after 48 h of exposure to contaminated soil. Morphometric measurements revealed that the proportions of debris vesicles in the chloragocytes were significantly lower in worms exposed to ZnO-NPs than in worms exposed to Zn ions. Moreover, numerous spherite granules were observed in the chloragocytes of ionic Zn-treated worms, but not the ZnO-NPs-treated worms, suggesting differential regulation of these Zn forms. The Zn cytotoxic effect was not reflected in ADP/ATP ratio measurements. Our study provides new insights into nano-specific effects that are distinctive from ion regulation inside the GI tract and furthers our understanding of the relationship between effects at the cellular and whole-body levels.

纳米颗粒（NPs）的主要吸收途径是通过胃肠道（GI）。胃肠道细胞暴露后，观察到NPs的细胞毒性作用，随后对胃肠道形态产生不利影响，并对整个生物体产生影响。这项研究的目的是了解由ZnO-NPs与Zn离子相比引起的E对Eisenia andrei的作用机理。

对单独暴露的earth的以下方面进行了研究：1）胃肠道肠道上皮和绿原色细胞的定性结构变化，2）暴露48 h后（使用形态计量学分析），绿原色组织内的定量变化，以及3）ADP暴露于受污染的土壤21天（污染阶段），然后在干净的土壤中消除14天（去污阶段）后，整个生物体均质组织中的/ ATP比值确定可能的恢复。

暴露于污染土壤48小时后，ZnO-NP和Zn离子均会对affect的肠道上皮和氯气组织产生不利影响。形态测量结果表明，暴露于ZnO-NPs的蠕虫中的吞噬细胞中的碎屑小泡的比例明显低于暴露于Zn离子的蠕虫中的。此外，在离子锌处理的蠕虫的吞噬细胞中观察到许多球状颗粒，但在ZnO-NPs处理的蠕虫的吞噬细胞中未观察到这表明这些锌形式的差异调节。锌的细胞毒性作用未反映在ADP / ATP比值测量中。我们的研究为胃肠道内离子调节所特有的纳米特异作用提供了新的见解，并加深了我们对细胞和全身水平上作用之间关系的理解。