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Autosomal dominant GCH1 mutations causing spastic paraplegia at disease onset.
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders ( IF 3.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.03.019
Tessa Wassenberg 1 , Meyke I Schouten 2 , Rick C Helmich 3 , Michèl A A P Willemsen 4 , Erik-Jan Kamsteeg 2 , Bart P C van de Warrenburg 3
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant GCH1 mutations are known to cause dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD). In this case series, we confirm a variant phenotype, characterized by predominant spastic paraplegia at disease onset with development of dystonia and/or parkinsonism only decades later. METHODS Clinical trajectories of four patients from three families with pathogenic variants in GCH1 are described, illustrated by videos of the motor phenotype before and during treatment with levodopa. An extensive literature review was performed on previous reports of spasticity in patients with autosomal dominant GCH1 mutations. RESULTS All patients presented during childhood or early adolescence with gait and leg spasticity. Three patients developed basal ganglia signs only in the fifth decade; the youngest patient has not yet developed dystonia, bradykinesia or hypokinesia. All patients responded to levodopa/carbidopa with improvement of gait and of dystonia, hypokinesia and/or rigidity. In all patients, spasticity decreased but did not disappear. Spasticity has been described previously in DRD, but in most cases co-existent basal ganglia signs were identified early in the disease course. CONCLUSION GCH1 mutations may cause a phenotype initially resembling hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) rather than DRD, with basal ganglia signs developing only after decades. In order not to miss this treatable condition, GCH1 should be included in HSP gene panels and its testing is pivotal in patients with spastic paraplegia, especially if there are concomitant basal ganglia signs and/or diurnal fluctuation.

中文翻译:

常染色体显性遗传GCH1突变在疾病发作时引起痉挛性截瘫。

背景技术已知常染色体显性GCH1突变会引起多巴反应性肌张力障碍(DRD)。在这个病例系列中,我们证实了一个变异表型,其特征是在疾病发作后主要的痉挛性截瘫,仅在数十年后出现肌张力障碍和/或帕金森氏病。方法描述了来自三个家族中GCH1致病性变异的4名患者的临床轨迹,左旋多巴治疗前后的运动表型视频对此进行了说明。对以前的常染色体显性遗传GCH1突变患者痉挛的报道进行了广泛的文献综述。结果所有患者均在儿童期或青春期出现步态和腿部痉挛。仅在第五个十年中,三名患者出现了基底神经节体征。最年轻的患者尚未患肌张力障碍,运动迟缓或运动减退。所有患者均对左旋多巴/卡比多巴有反应,步态和肌张力障碍,运动功能减退和/或僵硬改善。在所有患者中,痉挛减少但没有消失。先前已经在DRD中描述了痉挛,但是在大多数情况下,在疾病过程的早期就发现了共存的基底神经节体征。结论GCH1突变可能导致表型最初类似于遗传性痉挛性截瘫(HSP),而不是DRD,基底神经节体征仅在数十年后才发展。为了不错过这种可治疗的疾病,HSP基因组中应包括GCH1,其检测对于痉挛性截瘫的患者至关重要,尤其是在伴有基底神经节体征和/或昼夜波动的情况下。所有患者均对左旋多巴/卡比多巴有反应,步态和肌张力障碍,运动功能减退和/或僵硬改善。在所有患者中,痉挛减少但没有消失。先前已经在DRD中描述了痉挛,但是在大多数情况下,在疾病过程的早期就发现了共存的基底神经节体征。结论GCH1突变可能导致表型最初类似于遗传性痉挛性截瘫(HSP),而不是DRD,基底神经节体征仅在数十年后才发展。为了不错过这种可治疗的疾病,HSP基因组中应包括GCH1,其检测对于痉挛性截瘫的患者至关重要,尤其是在伴有基底神经节体征和/或昼夜波动的情况下。所有患者均对左旋多巴/卡比多巴有反应,步态和肌张力障碍,运动功能减退和/或僵硬改善。在所有患者中,痉挛减少但没有消失。先前已经在DRD中描述了痉挛,但是在大多数情况下,在疾病过程的早期就发现了共存的基底神经节体征。结论GCH1突变可能导致表型最初类似于遗传性痉挛性截瘫(HSP),而不是DRD,基底神经节体征仅在数十年后才发展。为了不错过这种可治疗的疾病,HSP基因组中应包括GCH1,其检测对于痉挛性截瘫的患者至关重要,尤其是在伴有基底神经节体征和/或昼夜波动的情况下。先前已经在DRD中描述了痉挛,但是在大多数情况下,在疾病过程的早期就发现了共存的基底神经节体征。结论GCH1突变可能导致表型最初类似于遗传性痉挛性截瘫(HSP),而不是DRD,基底神经节体征仅在数十年后才发展。为了不错过这种可治疗的疾病,HSP基因组中应包括GCH1,其检测对于痉挛性截瘫的患者至关重要,尤其是在伴有基底神经节体征和/或昼夜波动的情况下。先前已经在DRD中描述了痉挛,但是在大多数情况下,在疾病过程的早期就发现了共存的基底神经节体征。结论GCH1突变可能导致表型最初类似于遗传性痉挛性截瘫(HSP),而不是DRD,基底神经节体征仅在数十年后才发展。为了不错过这种可治疗的疾病,HSP基因组中应包括GCH1,其检测对于痉挛性截瘫的患者至关重要,尤其是在伴有基底神经节体征和/或昼夜波动的情况下。
更新日期:2020-04-01
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