The increasing production and applications of graphene oxide (GO, a novel carbon nanomaterial) have raised numerous environmental concerns regarding its ecological risks. Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) disperses in water and poses an increasing hazard to the ecosystem and human health. It is critical to study the environmental responses and molecular mechanisms of GO and TPhP together to assess both chemicals; however, this information is lacking. The present work revealed that GO promoted the bioaccumulation of TPhP in zebrafish larvae by 5.0%–24.3%. The TPhP-induced growth inhibition of embryos (malformation, mortality, heartbeat, and spontaneous movement) at environmentally relevant concentrations was significantly amplified by GO, and these results were supported by the downregulated levels of genes and proteins associated with cytoskeletal construction and cartilage and eye development. TPhP induced negligible alterations in the genes or proteins involved in oxidative stress and apoptosis, but those related proteins were all upregulated by GO. GO and TPhP coexposure activated the mTOR signaling pathway and subsequently promoted apoptosis in zebrafish by potentiating the oxidative stress induced by TPhP, presenting synergistic toxicity. These findings highlight the potential risks and specific molecular mechanisms of combining emerging carbon nanomaterials with coexisting organic contaminants.

氧化石墨烯（GO，一种新型的碳纳米材料）的不断增加的生产和应用引起了人们对其生态风险的许多环境关注。磷酸三苯酯（TPhP）分散在水中，对生态系统和人类健康的危害日益增加。共同研究GO和TPhP的环境响应和分子机理以评估这两种化学物质至关重要。但是，缺少此信息。目前的研究表明，GO促进了斑马鱼幼虫中TPhP的生物积累5.0％–24.3％。GO显着放大了在环境相关浓度下TPhP诱导的胚胎生长抑制（畸形，死亡率，心跳和自发运动），这些结果得到了与细胞骨架构建，软骨和眼睛发育相关的基因和蛋白质水平下调的支持。TPhP诱导与氧化应激和细胞凋亡有关的基因或蛋白质的变化可忽略不计，但那些相关蛋白质均被GO上调。GO和TPhP共暴露激活了mTOR信号通路，并随后通过增强TPhP诱导的氧化应激而促进了斑马鱼的细胞凋亡，表现出协同毒性。这些发现突出了新兴碳纳米材料与共存有机污染物结合的潜在风险和特定的分子机制。但是那些相关蛋白都被GO上调了。GO和TPhP共暴露激活了mTOR信号通路，并随后通过增强TPhP诱导的氧化应激而促进了斑马鱼的细胞凋亡，表现出协同毒性。这些发现突出了新兴碳纳米材料与共存有机污染物结合的潜在风险和特定的分子机制。但是那些相关蛋白都被GO上调了。GO和TPhP共暴露激活了mTOR信号通路，并随后通过增强TPhP诱导的氧化应激而促进了斑马鱼的细胞凋亡，表现出协同毒性。这些发现凸显了将新兴的碳纳米材料与共存的有机污染物结合在一起的潜在风险和特定的分子机制。