Patient‐derived pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have greatly transformed the current understanding of human heart development and cardiovascular disease. Cardiomyocytes derived from personalized PSCs are powerful tools for modeling heart disease and performing patient‐based cardiac toxicity testing. However, these PSC‐derived cardiomyocytes (PSC‐CMs) are a mixed population of atrial‐, ventricular‐, and pacemaker‐like cells in the dish, hindering the future of precision cardiovascular medicine. Recent insights gleaned from the developing heart have paved new avenues to refine subtype‐specific cardiomyocytes from patients with known pathogenic genetic variants and clinical phenotypes. Here, we discuss the recent progress on generating subtype‐specific (atrial, ventricular, and nodal) cardiomyocytes from the perspective of embryonic heart development and how human pluripotent stem cells will expand our current knowledge on molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular disease and the future of precision medicine.

中文翻译：

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用于精准医疗的亚型特异性心肌细胞：我们现在在哪里？

患者来源的多能干细胞 (PSC) 极大地改变了目前对人类心脏发育和心血管疾病的认识。源自个性化 PSC 的心肌细胞是建模心脏病和进行基于患者的心脏毒性测试的强大工具。然而，这些 PSC 衍生的心肌细胞 (PSC-CM) 是培养皿中心房、心室和起搏器样细胞的混合群体，阻碍了精准心血管医学的未来。最近从发育中的心脏中收集到的见解为从具有已知致病性遗传变异和临床表型的患者中提炼亚型特异性心肌细胞铺平了新的途径。在这里，我们讨论了生成亚型特异性（心房、心室、