Healthy breakfast habits and changes in obesity-related cardiometabolic markers in children: a longitudinal analysis,European Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Healthy breakfast habits and changes in obesity-related cardiometabolic markers in children: a longitudinal analysis
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition ( IF 4.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-30 , DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0614-7
Xianwen Shang _{1,

2,

3} , Yanping Li ₄ , Haiquan Xu ₅ , Qian Zhang ₁ , Xiaoqi Hu ₁ , Ailing Liu ₁ , Songming Du ₁ , Tingyu Li ₆ , Hongwei Guo ₇ , Ying Li ₈ , Guifa Xu ₉ , Weijia Liu ₁₀ , Jun Ma ₁₁ , Guansheng Ma ₁₂

Affiliation

National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China.
Chongqing Children's Hospital, Chongqing, China.
School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Department of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.
Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Background

Data on the association of breakfast habits and changes in cardiometabolic markers in children are limited.

Methods

In total, 6964 children aged 6–13 years from Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Jinan, Harbin, and Guangzhou were included in the final analysis. Daily consumption, consumption of ≥3 food groups, and at-home consumption were defined as healthy breakfast habits. Blood pressure, % fat mass, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, glucose, and 50-m × 8 shuttle run were measured at baseline (May 2009) and follow-up (May 2010). Clustered cardiometabolic risk score (CCRS) was computed by summing Z scores of five components: % fat mass, systolic blood pressure, glucose, TC to HDL-C ratio, and triglyceride.

Results

Children who ate breakfast daily had a higher decrease in TC to HDL-C ratio and a higher increase in HDL-C compared with breakfast skippers (both P values < 0.05). There was an inverse association of the number of food groups consumed at breakfast with the change in CCRS (P trend = 0.005). At-home breakfast consumption was associated with a lower increase in BMI, LDL-C, TC to HDL-C ratio, fasting glucose, and 50-m × 8 shuttle run and a higher increase in HDL-C (all P values < 0.05). Children with two or three healthy breakfast habits had a lower increase in CCRS, LDL-C, TC to HDL-C ratio, glucose, and a higher increase in HDL-C compared with those with none or one (all P values < 0.05).