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Virus-Induced T Cell-Mediated Heterologous Immunity and Vaccine Development.
Frontiers in Immunology ( IF 5.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-31 , DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00513
Kathrin Balz 1 , Lilith Trassl 1 , Valerie Härtel 1 , Philipp P Nelson 1 , Chrysanthi Skevaki 1
Affiliation  

Heterologous immunity (H.I.) is a consequence of an encounter with a specific antigen, which can alter the subsequent immune response to a different antigen. This can happen at the innate immune system level-often called trained immunity or innate immune memory-and/or at the adaptive immune system level involving T memory cells and antibodies. Viruses may also induce T cell-mediated H.I., which can confer protection or drive immunopathology against other virus subtypes, related or unrelated viruses, other pathogens, auto- or allo-antigens. It is important to understand the underlying mechanisms for the development of antiviral "universal" vaccines and broader T cell responses rather than just subtype-specific antibody responses as in the case of influenza. Furthermore, knowledge about determinants of vaccine-mediated H.I. may inform public health policies and provide suggestions for repurposing existing vaccines. Here, we introduce H.I. and provide an overview of evidence on virus- and antiviral vaccine-induced T cell-mediated cross-reactive responses. We also discuss the factors influencing final clinical outcome of virus-mediated H.I. as well as non-specific beneficial effects of live attenuated antiviral vaccines such as measles and vaccinia. Available epidemiological and mechanistic data have implications both for the development of new vaccines and for personalized vaccinology, which are presented. Finally, we formulate future research priorities and opportunities.

中文翻译:

病毒诱导的T细胞介导的异源免疫和疫苗开发。

异源免疫(HI)是遇到特定抗原的结果,它可以改变随后对不同抗原的免疫反应。这可以在先天免疫系统级别(通常称为训练免疫或先天免疫记忆)上和/或在涉及T记忆细胞和抗体的适应性免疫系统级别上发生。病毒还可以诱导T细胞介导的HI,从而赋予针对其他病毒亚型,相关或无关病毒,其他病原体,自身或同种抗原的保护或驱动免疫病理。重要的是要了解开发抗病毒“通用”疫苗和更广泛的T细胞反应的基础机制,而不是像流感一样,仅亚型特异性抗体反应。此外,有关疫苗介导的HI决定因素的知识 可以为公共卫生政策提供信息,并为重新使用现有疫苗提供建议。在这里,我们介绍HI,并提供有关病毒和抗病毒疫苗诱导的T细胞介导的交叉反应应答的证据的概述。我们还将讨论影响病毒介导的HI最终临床结果的因素,以及减毒抗病毒活疫苗(如麻疹和牛痘)的非特异性有益作用。现有的流行病学和机制数据对新疫苗的开发和个性化疫苗学都有影响。最后,我们制定了未来的研究重点和机遇。并提供有关病毒和抗病毒疫苗诱导的T细胞介导的交叉反应应答的证据概述。我们还将讨论影响病毒介导的HI最终临床结果的因素,以及减毒抗病毒活疫苗(如麻疹和牛痘)的非特异性有益作用。现有的流行病学和机制数据对新疫苗的开发和个性化疫苗学都有影响。最后,我们制定了未来的研究重点和机遇。并提供有关病毒和抗病毒疫苗诱导的T细胞介导的交叉反应应答的证据概述。我们还讨论了影响病毒介导的HI最终临床结果的因素,以及减毒抗病毒活疫苗(例如麻疹和牛痘)的非特异性有益作用。现有的流行病学和机制数据对新疫苗的开发和个性化疫苗学都有影响。最后,我们制定了未来的研究重点和机遇。现有的流行病学和机制数据对新疫苗的开发和个性化疫苗学都有影响。最后,我们制定了未来的研究重点和机遇。现有的流行病学和机制数据对新疫苗的开发和个性化疫苗学都有影响。最后,我们制定了未来的研究重点和机遇。
更新日期:2020-04-01
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