Exotic invasive plants may have adverse effects on native plant communities and ecosystem functions by altering communities of belowground mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi. However, little is known about how such alterations change over time. The aim of this work was to determine the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities colonizing the roots of Nicotiana glauca populations of distinct ages (1 and 20 years old), and of co-occurring native plants, growing at four different Mediterranean semiarid locations. The short-term and long-term effects of the invader on rhizosphere activity and nutrient pools were also determined. Illumina MiSeq technology was used for high-throughput sequencing of AMF communities and basal respiration and enzymatic activities were determined for assessing rhizosphere activity. The composition and structure of AMF communities differed according to the invasive character of plant and the invaded site. The AMF community belonging to the young invasive plants had a significantly different structure and composition in comparison to the native plants and the adult invasive plants. However, the native plants and the adult invasive plants harboured a similar AMF community. In general, basal respiration, enzymatic activities and nutrients of the rhizospheres of two populations of N. glauca of distinct ages were significantly different from those of the rhizosphere of native plants, but these differences were independent of the time after the invasion. The invasion of semiarid Mediterranean sites by N. glauca mediated temporary changes in mycorrhizal associations, whereas the early effect of this invasive plant decreasing rhizosphere activity remained across time.

中文翻译：

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Nicotiana glauca 对半干旱地中海地区的入侵介导了菌根关联的暂时变化和根际活动的永久减少

外来入侵植物可能通过改变地下共生菌根真菌群落对本地植物群落和生态系统功能产生不利影响。然而，人们对这种变化如何随时间变化知之甚少。这项工作的目的是确定在不同年龄（1 年和 20 年）的烟草种群根部定殖的丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF) 群落，以及在四个不同的地中海半干旱地区生长的共生本地植物。还确定了入侵者对根际活动和营养库的短期和长期影响。Illumina MiSeq 技术用于 AMF 群落的高通量测序，并确定基础呼吸和酶活性以评估根际活性。AMF群落的组成和结构根据植物的入侵特征和入侵地点的不同而不同。与原生植物和成年入侵植物相比，属于年轻入侵植物的 AMF 群落具有显着不同的结构和组成。然而，本地植物和成年入侵植物具有相似的 AMF 群落。总的来说，不同年龄的N. glauca 两个种群根际的基础呼吸、酶活性和养分与原生植物的根际有显着差异，但这些差异与入侵后的时间无关。N. glauca 对地中海半干旱地区的入侵介导了菌根关联的暂时变化，