In recent years immunotherapy has provided new hope for cancer patients. However, some patients eventually relapse. Immunological responses are thought to underlie the long-term effects of conventional or targeted therapies. Whether this influence emerges from direct effects on cancer cells through immunogenic cell death (ICD) or by modulating the immune environment requires further clarification. ICD-related molecular mechanisms are also shared by cell-intrinsic defense responses that combat foreign intrusions. Indeed, we could potentially mimic and harness these processes to improve cancer immunogenicity. In addition, the microbiome is materializing as a missing factor in the cancer–immune therapy axis. The emerging idea of manipulating the gut microbiota to improve responses to anticancer therapy is becoming increasingly popular, but further clinical authentication is needed.

近年来，免疫疗法为癌症患者提供了新希望。但是，有些患者最终会复发。免疫反应被认为是传统疗法或靶向疗法长期作用的基础。这种影响是通过免疫原性细胞死亡（ICD）对癌细胞的直接影响还是通过调节免疫环境而产生的，需要进一步阐明。与ICD相关的分子机制也与对抗外来入侵的细胞本机防御反应共有。确实，我们可以潜在地模仿和利用这些过程来改善癌症的免疫原性。此外，微生物组正在成为癌症-免疫治疗领域的一个缺失因素。操纵肠道菌群以改善对抗癌治疗的反应的新想法日益普及，