Recent reports demonstrate that octopamine receptor (OR) agonists such as formamidine pesticides cause reproductive and developmental toxicity through endocrine disrupting effects in both humans and animals. Herein, we studied the effects of different sublethal concentrations of OR agonists, Amitraz and Chlordimeform, on growth, development, and reproduction of D. melanogaster from a genotype perspective view. As a result, the sublethal concentrations for both OR agonists delayed the developmental time including pupation and eclosion. It significantly reduced the lifespan, eclosion rate, and production of eggs. The mRNA expression of genes relevant for development and metabolism was significantly changed after exposure to sublethal concentrations of both OR agonists. Octopamine receptor in mushroom bodies (Oamb), trehalase enzyme (Treh), hemocyte proliferation (RyR), and immune response (IM4) genes were upregulated whereas, trehalose sugar (Tret1-1), mixed function oxidase enzyme (Cyp9f2), lifespan (Atg7), male mating behavior (Ple), female fertility (Ddc), and lipid metabolism (Sxe2) genes were downregulated. These results support the conclusion that OR agonists activate the octopamine receptor in D. melanogaster leading to an increase of trehalase enzyme activity and degradation of trehalose sugar into free glucose which results in rapid energy exhaustion, hyperexcitation, and disturbing of the octopaminergic system in D. melanogaster.

中文翻译：

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章鱼胺受体激动剂对改变代谢相关基因和黑腹果蝇行为的危险影响。

最近的报告表明，甲脒杀虫剂等章鱼胺受体 (OR) 激动剂会通过人和动物的内分泌干扰作用引起生殖和发育毒性。在此，我们从基因型的角度研究了不同亚致死浓度的 OR 激动剂、双甲曲和杀虫脒对黑腹果蝇生长、发育和繁殖的影响。因此，两种 OR 激动剂的亚致死浓度都会延迟发育时间，包括化蛹和羽化。它显着降低了卵的寿命、羽化率和产量。暴露于两种 OR 激动剂的亚致死浓度后，与发育和代谢相关的基因的 mRNA 表达发生显着变化。蘑菇体中的章鱼胺受体 (Oamb)、海藻糖酶 (Treh)、血细胞增殖 (RyR) 和免疫反应 (IM4) 基因被上调，而海藻糖 (Tret1-1)、混合功能氧化酶 (Cyp9f2)、寿命 (Atg7)、雄性交配行为 (Ple)、雌性生育能力 (Ddc)和脂质代谢 (Sxe2) 基因被下调。这些结果支持这样的结论，即 OR 激动剂激活 D. melanogaster 中的章鱼胺受体，导致海藻糖酶活性增加和海藻糖降解为游离葡萄糖，从而导致快速能量耗尽、过度兴奋和干扰 D. melanogaster 中的章鱼胺能系统。黑色素。和脂质代谢 (Sxe2) 基因被下调。这些结果支持这样的结论，即 OR 激动剂激活 D. melanogaster 中的章鱼胺受体，导致海藻糖酶活性增加和海藻糖降解为游离葡萄糖，从而导致快速能量耗尽、过度兴奋和干扰 D. melanogaster 中的章鱼胺能系统。黑色素。和脂质代谢 (Sxe2) 基因被下调。这些结果支持这样的结论，即 OR 激动剂激活 D. melanogaster 中的章鱼胺受体，导致海藻糖酶活性增加和海藻糖降解为游离葡萄糖，从而导致快速能量耗尽、过度兴奋和干扰 D. melanogaster 中的章鱼胺能系统。黑色素。