Abstract In this study, biodiesel was synthesized from a reaction of waste cooking oil (WCO) and methanol in the presence of catalyst which was derived from chicken bone and coconut residue in a packed bed reactor. Calcium oxide (CaO) was extracted from calcined chicken bone and nano-crystal cellulose (NCC) was isolated from coconut residue by acid hydrolyzed and were supported with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The catalyst was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to study its elemental composition and surface morphology. The parameters used for the reaction were optimized by Design of Experiment (DOE) using Central Composite Design (CCD) to maximize the biodiesel yield. The maximum yield of 98.40% was obtained at optimum temperature, methanol to oil and catalyst loading of 65 °C, 6:1 and 0.5 wt%, respectively. Investigation on the kinetic of the reaction specified that the reaction followed pseudo first order reaction with k-value ranged from 0.0092 min−1 to 0.0151 cm−1 and Thiele modulus was less than 2. The activation energy Ea for the transesterification reaction was 45.72 kJ/mol.

中文翻译：

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在填充床反应器中使用氧化钙/纳米晶纤维素/聚乙烯醇催化剂从废食用油生产生物柴油

摘要 在这项研究中，在填充床反应器中，在来自鸡骨和椰子渣的催化剂存在下，由废食用油 (WCO) 和甲醇反应合成生物柴油。从煅烧鸡骨中提取氧化钙 (CaO)，通过酸水解从椰子渣中分离出纳米晶纤维素 (NCC)，并以聚乙烯醇 (PVA) 为载体。使用傅里叶变换红外 (FTIR)、场发射扫描电子显微镜 (FESEM)、热重分析 (TGA) 和 X 射线衍射 (XRD) 对催化剂进行分析，以研究其元素组成和表面形貌。用于反应的参数通过实验设计 (DOE) 使用中心复合设计 (CCD) 进行优化，以最大限度地提高生物柴油产量。最大产量98。在最佳温度、甲醇/油和催化剂负载量为 65 °C、6:1 和 0.5 wt% 时分别获得 40%。对反应动力学的研究表明，该反应遵循伪一级反应，k 值范围为 0.0092 min-1 至 0.0151 cm-1，Thiele 模量小于 2。酯交换反应的活化能 Ea 为 45.72 kJ /摩尔。