A universal strategy for the sensitive investigation of cell responses to external stimuli, in particular nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs), was developed based on electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in combination with a multi-peak analysis for the distribution of relaxation times (DRT). The DRT method provides high resolution for the identification of different polarization processes without a priori assumptions, as they are needed by more conventional approaches, such as an evaluation by equivalent circuit models. Accordingly, the physical properties of cells and their changes due to external stimuli can be uncovered and visualized and dispersion mechanisms introduced by Schwan et al. clearly identified. These are in particular relaxation processes at about 100 kHz that are associated with cell membrane characteristics and dominating respective changes of the distribution function for epithelial cell monolayers after exposure. A relatively moderate evolution at about 10 kHz may represent the polarization of extracellular matrices. Relaxation processes at around 1 MHz were suggested to be associated with intracellular changes. Conversely, the distribution of relaxation times can aid the optimization of the experimental design with respect to intended responses by an external stimulus.

基于电阻抗光谱（EIS）结合多峰分析的弛豫时间分布（DRT），开发了一种敏感研究细胞对外部刺激（尤其是纳秒脉冲电场（nsPEFs））响应的通用策略。 ）。DRT方法无需先验假设即可提供高分辨率，用于识别不同的极化过程，这是更常规的方法所需要的，例如通过等效电路模型进行评估。因此，可以发现和可视化细胞的物理特性及其由于外部刺激而引起的变化，而Schwan等人则引入了分散机制。明确确定。这些尤其是在约100kHz下的松弛过程，其与细胞膜特性相关并且在暴露后支配上皮细胞单层的分布功能的相应变化。大约10 kHz的相对适度的进化可能代表了细胞外基质的极化。建议在1 MHz左右的松弛过程与细胞内变化有关。相反，弛豫时间的分布可以帮助针对外部刺激的预期响应优化实验设计。建议在1 MHz左右的松弛过程与细胞内变化有关。相反，弛豫时间的分布可以帮助针对外部刺激的预期响应优化实验设计。建议在1 MHz左右的松弛过程与细胞内变化有关。相反，弛豫时间的分布可以帮助针对外部刺激的预期响应优化实验设计。