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From Pd(OAc)2 to Chiral Catalysts: The Discovery and Development of Bifunctional Mono-N-Protected Amino Acid Ligands for Diverse C-H Functionalization Reactions.
Accounts of Chemical Research ( IF 16.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-31 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00621
Qian Shao 1 , Kevin Wu 1 , Zhe Zhuang 1 , Shaoqun Qian 1 , Jin-Quan Yu 1
Affiliation  

ConspectusThe functionalization of unactivated carbon-hydrogen bonds is a transformative strategy for the rapid construction of molecular complexity given the ubiquitous presence of C-H bonds in organic molecules. It represents a powerful tool for accelerating the synthesis of natural products and bioactive compounds while reducing the environmental and economic costs of synthesis. At the same time, the ubiquity and strength of C-H bonds also present major challenges toward the realization of transformations that are both highly selective and efficient. The development of practical C-H functionalization reactions has thus remained a compelling yet elusive goal in organic chemistry for over a century.Specifically, the capability to form useful new C-C, C-N, C-O, and C-X bonds via direct C-H functionalization would have wide-ranging impacts in organic synthesis. Palladium is especially attractive as a catalyst for such C-H functionalizations because of the diverse reactivity of intermediate palladium-carbon bonds. Early efforts using cyclopalladation with Pd(OAc)2 and related salts led to the development of many Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions. However, Pd(OAc)2 and other simple Pd salts perform only racemic transformations, which prompted a long search for effective chiral catalysts dating back to the 1970s. Pd salts also have low reactivity with synthetically useful substrates. To address these issues, effective and reliable ligands capable of accelerating and improving the selectivity of Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalizations are needed.In this Account, we highlight the discovery and development of bifunctional mono-N-protected amino acid (MPAA) ligands, which make great strides toward addressing these two challenges. MPAAs enable numerous Pd(II)-catalyzed C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H functionalization reactions of synthetically relevant substrates under operationally practical conditions with excellent stereoselectivity when applicable. Mechanistic studies indicate that MPAAs operate as unique bifunctional ligands for C-H activation in which both the carboxylate and amide are coordinated to Pd. The N-acyl group plays an active role in the C-H cleavage step, greatly accelerating C-H activation. The rigid MPAA chelation also results in a predictable transfer of chiral information from a single chiral center on the ligand to the substrate and permits the development of a rational stereomodel to predict the stereochemical outcome of enantioselective reactions.We also describe the application of MPAA-enabled C-H functionalization in total synthesis and provide an outlook for future development in this area. We anticipate that MPAAs and related next-generation ligands will continue to stimulate development in the field of Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization.

中文翻译:

从Pd(OAc)2到手性催化剂:用于双CH功能化反应的双官能单N-保护的氨基酸配体的发现和开发。

鉴于有机分子中普遍存在CH键,未活化的碳氢键的功能化是一种快速构建分子复杂性的转化策略。它是加速天然产物和生物活性化合物合成同时降低合成的环境和经济成本的有力工具。同时,CH键的普遍性和强度对于实现高度选择性和高效的转换也提出了重大挑战。因此,实用的CH官能化反应的发展在一个多世纪以来一直是有机化学中一个引人注目的但难以捉摸的目标。特别是,形成有用的新型CC,CN,CO,通过直接CH功能化的CX键和CX键将对有机合成产生广泛的影响。由于中间钯-碳键的不同反应性,钯作为用于这种CH官能化的催化剂特别有吸引力。早期使用环钯与Pd(OAc)2和相关盐的努力导致了许多Pd催化的CH功能化反应的发展。然而,Pd(OAc)2和其他简单的Pd盐仅执行外消旋转化,这促使人们长期寻找可追溯到1970年代的有效手性催化剂。钯盐与合成有用的底物的反应性也很低。为了解决这些问题,需要能够加速和改善Pd催化的CH官能化的选择性的有效可靠的配体。我们着重介绍了双功能单N-保护的氨基酸(MPAA)配体的发现和开发,它们在解决这两个挑战方面取得了长足的进步。MPAA使可操作的实际条件下,具有许多立体选择性的合成相关底物进行众多Pd(II)催化的C(sp2)-H和C(sp3)-H官能化反应。机理研究表明,MPAA作为CH活化的独特双功能配体,其中羧酸盐和酰胺均与Pd配位。N-酰基在CH裂解步骤中起积极作用,大大加速了CH的活化。刚性MPAA螯合还可导致手性信息从配体上的单个手性中心向底物的可预测转移,并允许开发合理的立体模型来预测对映选择性反应的立体化学结果。我们还描述了启用MPAA的应用CH在全合成中的功能化,为该领域的未来发展提供了前景。我们预计MPAA和相关的下一代配体将继续刺激Pd催化CH功能化领域的发展。
更新日期:2020-04-23
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