Abstract This work concerns experimental and numerical research on carpentry joints used in historic wooden buildings in southeastern Poland and western Ukraine. These structures are mainly sacred buildings, and the types of corner log joints characteristic of this region are primarily saddle-notch and dovetail joints; thus, these two types of joints were analysed in this study. The modelling of historic timber structures is a complex issue, so the following steps are necessary to obtain accurate solutions: verification, validation and uncertainty quantification. The first and third steps were performed in a previous study, so the current research aimed to validate the numerical models and perform simulations of carpentry joints. Herein, the authors created finite element models of two types of joints and subsequently analysed the mechanical behaviour of these joints. Due to issues concerning model validation, the authors designed a testing stand for corner joints, which formed a part of a biaxial testing machine. The joints were subjected to horizontal loads (deformations), which may cause damage to the connection. Thus, special parts were designed for the stand, which made it possible to fix the joint and prevented eccentric forces that could possibly damage the machine during testing. The authors presented the differences and similarities in the behaviour of both types of joints, emphasizing the corresponding advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the authors determined which type of joint was the most susceptible to damage and what elements failed first. This paper also showed the complexity of modelling timber structures and the accuracy of the proposed numerical models for both types of joints through comparisons of the numerical and experimental results. This work primary addressed the problems in accurately reflecting material, load and boundary conditions in numerical modelling of tested carpentry corner log joints.

中文翻译：

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木工角木接头力学行为的实验和计算研究

摘要 这项工作涉及波兰东南部和乌克兰西部历史悠久的木制建筑中使用的木工接头的实验和数值研究。这些建筑以圣地建筑为主，该地区特有的角木接头类型以鞍形缺口和燕尾形接头为主；因此，在本研究中对这两种类型的接头进行了分析。历史木结构的建模是一个复杂的问题，因此需要以下步骤来获得准确的解决方案：验证、确认和不确定性量化。第一步和第三步是在之前的研究中进行的，因此当前的研究旨在验证数值模型并进行木工接头的模拟。在此处，作者创建了两种类型的关节的有限元模型，随后分析了这些关节的机械性能。由于模型验证的问题，作者设计了一个角接头测试台，它构成了双轴试验机的一部分。接头承受水平载荷（变形），这可能会导致连接损坏。因此，为支架设计了特殊部件，从而可以固定接头并防止可能在测试期间损坏机器的偏心力。作者介绍了两种类型关节在行为上的异同，强调了相应的优缺点。此外，作者还确定了哪种类型的接头最容易受到损坏以及哪些元件首先失效。本文还通过数值和实验结果的比较，展示了木结构建模的复杂性和两种类型节点数值模型的准确性。这项工作主要解决了在测试木工角木接头的数值建模中准确反映材料、载荷和边界条件的问题。