Individuals tend to have an optimism bias, processing desirable information more frequently than undesirable information. However, people who have been diagnosed with depression often have a more pessimistic view of the future. A recent study suggests that future expectations in individuals with dysphoria become more optimistic when asked to make optimistic future predictions about the future. In the present study, we investigated the differential effects of induced optimism training which making optimistic future prediction to change future beliefs in normal participants with various levels of dysphoria (low, mild, high). We recruited normal participants (n = 69) from a local university students and divided participants into three groups (low, mild, high dysphoria) by measuring dysphoric mood. These three groups were assigned to the induced optimism training or control condition. After the training, participants performed the two-stage belief updating task. In the first stage, participants estimated their personal probability of experiencing adverse events while being presented with the average probability of the event occurring to a living person. This information could be desirable for participants(when presented with a probability that was below their estimation) or undesirable (when presented with a probability that was above their estimation). To assess how desirable versus undesirable information influenced beliefs, participants estimated their personal probability of experiencing the events again in the second stage. The amount of update error was calculated as the difference between the estimates in the first stage and the second stage. The difference between the errors was classified as the update bias. After the induced optimism training, individuals with the mild dysphoria demonstrated a higher update bias than low (p < .001) and the high dysphoria (p < .05) group in induced optimism condition. Significant differences were not found in control group. Results indicates that individuals in the mild dysphoria group showed an increased update bias after being exposed to the induced optimism training Dysphoric mood and trait optimism remained unchanged in both the experimental and control groups. Results suggest that induced optimism training has potential to change individuals with mild dysphoria perceptions’ about the future.

中文翻译：

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诱导的乐观情绪对乐观更新偏差的影响。

个人趋向于乐观，与不良信息相比，处理所需信息的频率更高。但是，被诊断出患有抑郁症的人通常对未来抱有更悲观的看法。最近的一项研究表明，当被要求对未来进行乐观的预测时，患有烦躁不安的人的未来期望会变得更加乐观。在本研究中，我们调查了诱导乐观训练的不同效果，这种乐观训练使乐观的未来预测改变了患有各种烦躁不安（低，轻，高）的正常参与者的未来信念。我们从当地大学生中招募了正常参与者（n = 69），并通过测量烦躁情绪将参与者分为三组（低，轻度，高烦躁不安）。这三组被分配到诱导乐观训练或控制条件。培训结束后，参与者执行了两阶段的信念更新任务。在第一阶段，参与者估计自己经历不良事件的可能性，同时向在世人士展示事件发生的平均概率。此信息可能对参与者是理想的（当参与者的概率低于其估计值时），或者对于参与者而言，该信息是不希望的（当参与者的概率大于其估计值时）。为了评估理想与不理想信息如何影响信念，参与者估计了他们在第二阶段再次经历事件的个人概率。将更新误差量计算为第一阶段和第二阶段估算值之间的差。错误之间的差异被分类为更新偏差。经过诱导性乐观训练后，在诱导性乐观条件下，轻度焦虑症患者的更新偏差高于低度焦虑症（p <.001）和高躁狂症患者（p <.05）。对照组未发现明显差异。结果表明，轻度烦躁不安组的个体在接受诱导的乐观主义训练后表现出更新的偏见增加，在实验组和对照组中，烦躁不安的情绪和特质的乐观情绪均保持不变。结果表明，诱导的乐观主义训练有潜力改变对未来有轻度烦躁感的个体。错误之间的差异被分类为更新偏差。经过诱导性乐观训练后，在诱导性乐观条件下，轻度焦虑症患者的更新偏差高于低度焦虑症（p <.001）和高躁狂症患者（p <.05）。对照组未发现明显差异。结果表明，轻度烦躁不安组的个体在接受诱导的乐观主义训练后表现出更新的偏见增加，在实验组和对照组中，烦躁不安的情绪和特质的乐观情绪均保持不变。结果表明，诱导的乐观主义训练有潜力改变对未来有轻度烦躁感的个体。错误之间的差异被分类为更新偏差。经过诱导性乐观训练后，在诱导性乐观条件下，轻度焦虑症患者的更新偏差高于低度焦虑症（p <.001）和高躁狂症患者（p <.05）。对照组未发现明显差异。结果表明，轻度烦躁不安组的个体在接受诱导的乐观主义训练后表现出更新的偏见增加，在实验组和对照组中，烦躁不安的情绪和特质的乐观情绪均保持不变。结果表明，诱导的乐观主义训练有潜力改变对未来有轻度烦躁感的个体。轻度烦躁不安的个体在乐观情绪下表现出比低躁狂（p <.001）和高躁狂（p <.05）组更高的更新偏差。对照组未发现明显差异。结果表明，轻度烦躁不安组的个体在接受诱导的乐观主义训练后表现出更新的偏见增加，在实验组和对照组中，烦躁不安的情绪和特质的乐观情绪均保持不变。结果表明，诱导的乐观主义训练有潜力改变对未来有轻度烦躁感的个体。轻度烦躁不安的个体在乐观情绪下表现出比低躁狂（p <.001）和高躁狂（p <.05）组更高的更新偏差。对照组未发现明显差异。结果表明，轻度烦躁不安组的个体在接受诱导的乐观主义训练后表现出更新的偏见增加，实验组和对照组的烦躁不安情绪和特质乐观情绪均保持不变。结果表明，诱导的乐观主义训练有潜力改变对未来有轻度烦躁感的个体。结果表明，轻度烦躁不安组的个体在接受诱导的乐观主义训练后表现出更新的偏见增加，实验组和对照组的烦躁不安情绪和特质乐观情绪均保持不变。结果表明，诱导的乐观主义训练有潜力改变对未来有轻度烦躁感的个体。结果表明，轻度烦躁不安组的个体在接受诱导的乐观主义训练后表现出更新的偏见增加，实验组和对照组的烦躁不安情绪和特质乐观主义均保持不变。结果表明，诱导的乐观主义训练有潜力改变对未来有轻度烦躁感的个体。