The use of circulating biomarkers for heart failure (HF) is engrained in contemporary cardiovascular practice and provides objective information about various pathophysiological pathways associated with HF syndrome. However, biomarker profiles differ considerably among women and men. For instance, in the general population, markers of cardiac stretch (natriuretic peptides) and fibrosis (galectin‐3) are higher in women, whereas markers of cardiac injury (cardiac troponins) and inflammation (sST2) are higher in men. Such differences may reflect sex‐specific pathogenic processes associated with HF risk, but may also arise as a result of differences in sex hormone profiles and fat distribution. From a clinical perspective, sex‐related differences in biomarker levels may affect the objectivity of biomarkers in HF management because what is considered to be ‘normal’ in one sex may not be so in the other. The objectives of this review are, therefore: (i) to examine the sex‐specific dynamics of clinically relevant HF biomarkers in the general population, as well as in HF patients; (ii) to discuss the overlap between sex‐related and obesity‐related effects, and (iii) to identify knowledge gaps to stimulate research on sex‐related differences in HF.

中文翻译：

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当代心力衰竭生物标志物的性别相关差异：综述。

在当代心血管实践中已将循环生物标记物用于心力衰竭（HF）的使用已扎根，并提供了与HF综合征相关的各种病理生理途径的客观信息。但是，男女之间的生物标志物谱差异很大。例如，在一般人群中，女性的心脏舒张（利钠肽）和纤维化（galectin-3）的标志物较高，而男性的心脏损伤（心肌钙蛋白）和炎症（sST2）的标志物较高。这种差异可能反映了与HF风险相关的特定性别的致病过程，但也可能是由于性激素谱和脂肪分布差异而引起的。从临床角度来看，与性别相关的生物标志物水平差异可能会影响HF管理中生物标志物的客观性，因为一种性别被认为是“正常”的情况在另一种性别中并非如此。因此，本综述的目的是：（i）检查普通人群以及HF患者中临床相关的HF生物标志物的性别特异性动力学；（ii）讨论性别相关影响与肥胖相关影响之间的重叠，以及（iii）找出知识差距以促进对HF中性别相关差异的研究。