Graphene derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), have been widely used as promising two-dimensional nanoscale building blocks due to their fascinating properties, cost-effective production, and good processability. Understanding the intrinsic self-assembling, colloidal, and rheological features of graphene derivatives is of critical importance to establish the formation-structure-property relationship of graphene-based materials. This article reviews recent progresses in our studies of these interesting properties of graphene derivatives for developing high performance supercapacitors. The content is organized to include characteristics of the dispersions of graphene derivatives, self-assembly of nanosheets from liquid medium, colloidal behavior, rheological properties of the dispersions, processing methods based on the properties, and performance of the fabricated supercapacitors. GO and RGO nanosheets are proved to form different types of assembled structures with unique morphologies, such as ultrathin layer-by-layer films, porous aggregates, and nanoscrolls. The unique rheological properties of GO dispersions and hydrogels, feasible for both the traditional wet-processing and newly-developed technology like three-dimensional printing, are highlighted for their potential in structural manipulation and scalable fabrication of graphene-based devices. The research devoted to up-grading the performance of supercapacitors is presented in some details, which could be applicable for fabricating other graphene-based energy storage devices. Some challenges and perspectives in our point of view are given in the last part of this feature article.

石墨烯衍生物，例如氧化石墨烯（GO）和还原的氧化石墨烯（RGO），由于其引人入胜的性能，具有成本效益的生产以及良好的可加工性，已被广泛用作有希望的二维纳米级构建基块。了解石墨烯衍生物的固有自组装，胶体和流变特性对于建立石墨烯基材料的形成-结构-性质关系至关重要。本文回顾了我们在研究石墨烯衍生物用于开发高性能超级电容器的这些有趣特性方面的最新进展。内容的组织方式包括石墨烯衍生物的分散体特性，从液体介质中纳米片的自组装，胶体行为，分散体的流变特性，加工方法基于制造的超级电容器的特性和性能。事实证明，GO和RGO纳米片可以形成具有独特形态的不同类型的组装结构，例如超薄逐层薄膜，多孔聚集体和纳米卷。GO分散体和水凝胶的独特流变特性，既适用于传统的湿法工艺，又适用于三维印刷等新开发的技术，因其在结构操纵和可扩展的石墨烯基器件的制造方面的潜力而得到了彰显。详细介绍了致力于提升超级电容器性能的研究，这可能适用于制造其他基于石墨烯的储能器件。