Abstract

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of disease on time spent by family and hired labor on farm activities. The effect of illness on cost incurred on farm activities and revenue earned from agriculture has also been examined in detail. The reason behind choosing malaria is because of its strong association with the quality of surrounding environment especially in the case of farm workers who are compelled to work in the environmental conditions quite suitable for the transmission of malaria. The effects of health shocks due to malaria are segregated according to three stages of production: land preparation, field management, and harvesting stages. Simultaneous equation model was employed using cross-sectional data collected from 252 farm workers through a pre-tested questionnaire. Farmers’ living environment was found to be contributing in the spread of disease. Results also show that malaria affects labor time at harvesting stage as it is more labor-intensive stage of production. We find that malaria significantly affects the health of farm workers and their families forcing farm families to substitute family labor with hired labor. Further, the cost incurred on cure of disease significantly adds to the cost on agricultural production. This consequently leads to a substantial reduction in revenue. The effect of the cost incurred on prevention and cure of disease was also found negative on revenue. The study suggests that, in order to make farmers more productive, there should be malaria interventions specifically targeting the health of farmers. It is also suggested that, for successful malaria interventions especially in irrigated areas, the magnitude of the disease on different stages of production should be given due consideration.

中文翻译：

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将环境，疟疾和农业收益联系起来：使用3SLS在生产的不同阶段进行的劳动时间使用分析。

摘要

本研究旨在调查疾病对家庭和雇工在农场活动上花费的时间的影响。还详细研究了疾病对农场活动产生的成本和农业收入的影响。选择疟疾的原因是因为它与周围环境的质量密切相关，特别是在被迫在非常适合传播疟疾的环境条件下工作的农场工人的情况下。疟疾对健康造成的冲击的影响根据生产的三个阶段进行了区分：土地准备，田间管理和收获阶段。使用联立方程模型，该模型使用通过预先测试的问卷调查从252名农场工人那里收集的横截面数据。人们发现农民的生活环境是疾病传播的原因。结果还表明，疟疾在收获阶段影响劳动时间，因为它是劳动密集型的生产阶段。我们发现，疟疾严重影响了农场工人及其家庭的健康，迫使农场家庭用雇佣的劳动力代替家庭劳动力。此外，治愈疾病的费用大大增加了农业生产的费用。因此，这导致收入的大量减少。还发现，费用对疾病的预防和治疗的影响对收入没有影响。研究表明，为了提高农民的生产力，应该有针对农民健康的疟疾干预措施。还建议，