In cancer immunotherapy, a patient's own immune system is harnessed against cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors release the brakes on tumor-reactive T cells and, therefore, are particularly effective in treating certain immune-infiltrated solid tumors. By contrast, solid tumors with immune-silent profiles show limited efficacy of checkpoint blockers due to several barriers. Recent discoveries highlight transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced immune exclusion and a lack of immunogenicity as examples of these barriers. In this review, we summarize preclinical and clinical evidence that illustrates how the inhibition of TGF-β signaling and the use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) can increase the efficacy of immunotherapy, and discuss the promise and challenges of combining these approaches with immune checkpoint blockade.

中文翻译：

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TGF-β抑制和溶瘤病毒的免疫治疗潜力。

在癌症免疫疗法中，利用患者自身的免疫系统抵抗癌症。免疫检查点抑制剂可释放对肿瘤反应性T细胞的制动作用，因此，对治疗某些免疫浸润的实体瘤特别有效。相比之下，具有免疫沉默特性的实体瘤由于多种障碍而显示出检查点阻断剂的疗效有限。最近的发现突出了转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）诱导的免疫排斥和缺乏免疫原性作为这些障碍的例子。在这篇综述中，我们总结了临床前和临床证据，这些证据说明了对TGF-β信号的抑制和溶瘤病毒（OVs）的使用如何能够提高免疫疗法的效力，并讨论了将这些方法与免疫检查点阻断相结合的前景和挑战。